Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Writing - Essay Example Consequently, from his throne, God watches the inhabitants of the earth. Moreover, in Psalm 139: 7 -10, King David wonders where he can hide or flee from the Spirit of God since He is everywhere; in the sea, heaven, and in Sheol. Further, in Galatians 2: 20, God is supernaturally present in every place and at the same time. Moreover, the Book of 2 Chronicles 7: 2, also asserts the presence of God in the life of every person who believes in Christ (New Jerusalem Bible, 2 Chronicles 7: 2). These biblical evidences prove that God is everywhere and that nobody can hide from Him. The implication of the nature of God being omnipresent shows the greatness of His power. Since he is omnipresent, he is powerful and that is the reason He can exist everywhere and at the same time (Packer 25). Consequently, this feature of God shows that we cannot hide from Him because He sees us every time and in every place as He exists everywhere. For instance, the biblical Noah tried to hide from God but was never successful. Further, because of this attribute, human beings should never fear anything since God is everywhere and keeps watch over His

Determinism and Free

Determinism and Free Will Essay ?What are the implications of determinism for our understanding of free will? Argue your position. There are several implications of determinism that illustrate our understanding of free will. It is a general understanding that we as humans should be free to make our own choices our lives; yet we also understand that events, including human behaviour, may have a prior cause, perhaps due to natural or some other circumstance. This paper aims to identify and present these implications of determinism on free will. Naturally, we are raised in a society where ‘agency’ or the ability to act freely is a given birth right (in most countries anyway), subsequently followed by the self being regulated over time to develop socially acceptable and rational conduct, through autonomy. Already we are able to identify how determinism holds an impact on one’s free will. How can we have true ‘freedom’ and free will to behave as we wish, when it is already determined that the society will live in will regulate our ability to make choices and decisions in life? A fear of determinism on free will is that, if it is true, humans are no longer accountable for the consequences of their actions through their freedom. Hence to say that human reasoning has no influence on the final outcome. This raises further topics to discuss, to investigate what free will/freedom actually is, and whether it truly exists if the decision is pre-determined. The perception of free will is open to interpretation by many philosophers and ordinary people. For the purposes of this discussion, we will maintain that free will is a human’s capacity to make a decision freely and openly for themselves. We must then take in to account the concept of psychological determinism; taking in to account all the elements, which have formed one’s character such as their genetics, childhood, relationships, workplace and social autonomy. When this is in question, it is plausible to say the person may actually not be making a decision from free will, as they are constrained by their biological and social construct in the process. This form of determinism elucidates how one’s understanding of ‘free will’ can be created within the mind (Skinner, 1948) as they would make a choice in a psychological context that they are comfortable with i. e. ‘the right decision’ for them- but that does not necessarily mean that the choice is made freely. What if however, whether or not we are able to choose freely, that certain events are inevitable in our fate as humans, and there may be no alternative outcome? Fatalism is the term is what underpins this concept. The concepts of fatalist approaches such as theological and logical determinism are to be explored further within this paper in relation to their implications to free will. Both concepts however hold a common ground however, where outcomes are not generated from pre-determined events, but emphasise that the outcome will take place regardless of the prior events and therefore, regardless of what choice the human makes. Many theological determinist approaches involve an element of divine knowledge or omnipotence. Most commonly the example of God or a supreme being is used, to uphold that he who is believed to be the creator of all, knows all things timely, as to what will happen as per our fate. This inflicts the understanding of free will, as the individual is left to ponder as to whether they actually have a power to control the resulting outcome from a choice that they make. Boethius (524) referred to this in The Consolation of Philosophy where he outlines the natural trait of humans to be able to act on their will with reasoning, which is independent of chance or any scheduled fate. His idea was that any sort of divine pre-emptive knowledge could co-exist with free will, and does not necessarily have to imply a sense of a determined future. Referring to the above-mentioned concept of logical determinism, we may now factor out any element of religious or omnipotent basis. Logical determinism is important to consider for our understanding of free will, as it sets a true/false premise to an outcome occurring (Taylor, 1963). For example, X will happen tomorrow or not, but if Y happens, the premise is still fulfilled by X not occurring. (Aristotle, 350). Arguably, this can restrict free will. When the outcome is fixed and may occur on probability, free will cannot permit us to change this. Although what is true, will always be true and remain true in the principle of this form of determinism, regardless of whether we know the outcome, can exist a freedom of choice, which potentially leads to the final outcome. It has been enveloped before, if there were some sort of intellect that could calculate everything about the world and the beings in it or ‘condense into a single formula’, we subsequently may be able to predict the future (Laplace, 1814). Yet considering the possibility that an external or unaccountable factor (free will) enters the equation in a sense of randomness (Bohm, 1951), this ‘intellect’ would not be able to be entirely deterministic. Throughout this paper, there has been a focus on the ‘chain’ or sequence of events prior to an event occurring. If these prior actions could be examined and explained, there may be a reason for a certain event to occur. This is referred to as causal determinism, which has emphasis on events or the acts of ‘free will’ prior to an outcome occurring. This further implies that causal determinism, like other forms of determinism can co-exist with freedom, where we are free to make our choices, sometimes knowing or not knowing what the outcome will be. The fact alone that the choice is present, definitively shows that free will is present. One who is a ‘hard determinist’ will refuse the possibility that free will may exist or be logically compatible with determinism. Some of the examples discussed can be considered as hard determinist approaches if we rule out this possibility. More importantly though, we should look at the position of a ‘soft determinist’, where free will can exist in a determinist environment, but where the concept of ‘free will’ is not what we think it may be. We as humans have individual experiences for each and every thing in our lives, including knowing the feeling of how to evaluate, deliberate, and make a decision. We are able to feel that this is our own choice, regardless of what context our personal character or ‘self’ we have constructed since birth, where we also have the ability to change our mind about our decisions. These are fundamental feelings possessed by all human beings regarding their own free will. What potentially causes a division is the different methods in which people portray this, for example- free will is incompatible with determinism, humans have free will; determinism is false (Libertarianism). Or perhaps a dualist approach where whatever in the human mind is exercising free will, may or may not change the course of the future. Furthermore, compatiblism (soft determinism) seems to provide the most realistic approach. This is on the premise where free will is not incompatible with determinism, therefore determinism is true, so is free will. This argument is on the grounds that the term ‘free will’ is coined in an ambiguous and poor manner. An example would be to consider an online game of ‘Connect 4’ with one human player and against a computer’s artificial intelligence (AI). When you make a move, you generally feel that you were able to freely choose that despite perhaps several other moves you may have made, but chose the one as the best clear move for strategic purposes. We now consider the AI, which has been programmed with algorithm to be deterministic and produce certain outcomes. Asides from the human turning the computer off or removing it’s RAM, the AI is in the same condition as the human, with the ability to make several strategic moves to it’s desire. Therefore, the AI is displaying human-like behaviour by displaying an act of free will even though it is a machine; somewhat like how humans over time have been educated and developed to make decisions. Notably, the possibility still exists for the human to strategically and freely choose their desired moves in order to win the game, despite the fact that the AI was programmed with knowledge to also deterministically win the game. As to whether a machine can actually behave like a human is a potentially debatable essay in its own, but the principle shows us that free will does co-exist with determinism, and that deterministic behaviour can alternate ‘free will’ and vice versa. Ultimately, when you make a choice, you bring your character, judgement, past experiences, memories, morals and desires, and can justify that it was a choice made from free will. This is also the essence of determinism, where an event has occurred from antecedent factors. Provided that this understanding is present, there is no real implication on ‘free will’ from determinism, asides from the views that take measures beyond accepting the existence of freedom. References Aristotle. , Ackrill, J. L. Aristotle. (1963). Categories, and De interpretatione. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Boethius. (524). The consolation of philosophy. Bohm, D. (1951). Quantum theory. New York: Prentice-Hall. Laplace, P. S. (1814). Essai philosophique sur les probabilites. Paris: Courcier. Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan. Taylor, R. (1963). Metaphysics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall.

Overpopulation in the 1900s :: essays research papers

Some people believe that immigration in the 1900’s was a good thing, however, they would be wrong. The United States government should have restricted the immigrants around that time. Some reasons are the population, the taking of new jobs and lowering wages, and diseases spreading quickly. These all factored importantly into why they should not have been allowed in. The population in the 1900’s was beginning to overflow. In 1875 the United States government had to put a immigration restriction so that no more immigrants could come into the United States. Which ended up leading into the depression. Then later in 1882 the United States government had to put a restriction on all Chinese immigrants because there were too many of them coming over. So as a result you can tell that too many immigrants were coming over into the United States. Another big factor in why the immigrants should have been restricted in the 1900’s is because they would take most of the needed jobs in all of the warehouses. The main reason that they would get all of the jobs in the warehouses is because they would come in large amounts and they were willing to work for very little pay. The places that they lived were usually shacks or a 2 or three room apartment so they wouldn’t have many costs to take care of. This also would lead allot of Americans getting angry because it would become harder and harder to find work. Due to the very poor living conditions that all of the immigrants would live in diseases would spread very quickly. Another reason that diseases would spread is because so many different people from different country’s would take very long journeys on a boat where it is tremendously overcrowded. Whenever immigrants would come over they would have to see a doctor.

Environmental Views of Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) Essays

Executive Summary The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a beautiful 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped oil preserves in the United States. There is an immense debate between the opposing environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife and the native populations are threatened by drilling for oil in ANWR, even though most of the natives are strongly in favor of drilling. ANWR could save the US from having to import $800 billion worth of foreign oil, creating hundreds to thousands of American jobs, and generate hundreds of billions in royalties and taxes (anwr.com). Three different environmental ethic views will be addressed, Utilitarian, Deontology, and Lockean. The Utilitarian argument is that the greatest function of ANWR will be reached through drilling. It implies that the intrinsic qualities of the land are of lesser value, and that ANWR serves the people better by being given over to the purpose of oil production. Deontology views ANWR rationally. The question is asked: what would a rational person do when developers propose to convert an unspoiled landscape to commercial use? In the Lockean view, man has a right to use property and the various resources of the earth as he wills, to support his life and values. The development of ANWR overshadows the minimal risk of environmentally disrupting the wildlife. The US economy and the citizens of Alaska would benefit from the development, not to mention the wildlife would be monitored and thus receive more attention. Introduction Alaska is surrounded by ocean and mountainous terrain and has one of the most beautiful landscapes in the United States. Alaska is home to the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve, in which hundreds of thousands of wildlife reside alongside with one of the largest oil preserves in the United States. Environmentalists are vexed about the possible disruption in the wildlife’s natural habitat and the effects it may have on the Alaskan Natives. Congress is being faced with the challenge of mergin... ...s.org/releases/pr2005/pr031105.html Rodger Schlickeisen. Fight to Protect the Arctic Refuge Reaches Critical Point Refuge Faces Most Dire Threat in Decades. Retrieved April 10, 2005 from http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/ardrill.html http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/news/arcticpoll.pdf Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741573203/1987_Alaska.html "Alaska," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2005 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/members/issue.tmpl?articleid=04210222393811 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defmore&q=define:Property+Rights N.A. Retrieved April 10, 2005 http://www.jdnews.com/SiteProcessor.cfm?Template=/GlobalTemplates/Details.cfm&St oryID=30570&Section=NIE http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4542853/ http://www.newsviews.info/environment05a.html http://www.savearcticrefuge.org/learnmore.html Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11332-2004Sep10.html Stephen Segaller. PBS: Extreme Oil (2004). Retrieved April 10, 2005

Mindless of Society Essay

One theme Ray Bradbury developed in the novel Fahrenheit 451 is â€Å"mindless of mass culture†. In the novel is a city where no emotion exists, and where the society is happy, but realizing that the society is actually miserable. People are antisocial and are mindless zombies. Individuals can just enter your house without telling any details on what there are doing. Ray Bradbury had shown the theme mindlessness of mass culture is using metaphors, similes, and foreshadowing. Ray Bradbury has created a character names Beatty, who is the chief of the fire department, states a metaphor of mindlessness of mass culture. Beatty tells Montag. â€Å"If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you don’t want a man happy politically, don’t give him two sides of a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. † This quote is saying to not give humans an answer to think of. If a person has the answer to a question, someone else could possibly argue with their opinion and cause a commotion. That is why in Fahrenheit 541, that society is a place not to think and react. Another way Ray Bradbury has shown the mindless mass culture is though the character Faber. Faber is an old man and a friend to Montag, He compares how book are almost the same as society. How books need quality, able to understand and those are something that you need to find in people. Faber tell Montag, â€Å"Number one: Books have to have to have quality. Number two: One needs leisure to digest it. Number three: One needs the right to carry out actions based on what they have learned from the first and second lesson. † Books are compared to how people are in the present and how books are not needed because the current technology which the society has will start replacing books. Eventually books will not be need is in life. Another way the mindless of mass culture is shown in Fahrenheit 451 is when Clarisse had died. Clarisse is a 17 year old girl, who is different from everyone in the society in Fahrenheit 451. She was a person who liked to question things in society or anything that goes around her. She was a very intelligent person, but a tragic event happened. She died and no one knows if she had committed suicide or if someone had killed her. Milderd the wife of Montag tells him, â€Å"Whole family moved out somewhere, but she gone for good, I think she is dead. No, the same girl, McClellan McClellan. Run over by a car. Four days ago. I’m not sure. But I think she dead. The family moved out anyways. I don’t know. But I think she’s dead. † How this relates to the mindless of mass culture sense nobody cares if something important had been taken away, such as loved for one. The society just forgets about everything they used to have. It shows how the society foreshadows everything that they do. The theme mindless of mass culture was expressed by characters in the book; the theme had a very big impact on everyone in the society. This theme has affected each one mind and making every person in society to be like a robot which no emotions at all.

A focus on one organ is made to discuss Essays

A focus on one organ is made to discuss Essays A focus on one organ is made to discuss Paper A focus on one organ is made to discuss Paper This paper discusses the digestive system, its general function in the body and how it interacts with the other body systems. Different organs belonging to this system and their main job in the digestive system will also be discussed. A focus on one organ is made to discuss its structure and inform you about a common ailment associated to this organ and how this disease generally affects the human body. Food is our body’s main source of energy. But have you ever thought how this food becomes energy available for our body? That is the main function of the digestive system. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down of food into smaller particles so that our body can absorb the nutrients and store energy available. The energy, nutrients and vitamins are then absorbed by the blood, part of the circulatory system, to deliver the energy and nutrients to the different parts of our body. The waste or particles that could not be absorbed by the body after the digestion of food is excreted by the excretory system. The operation of the digestive system is closely monitored by the nervous system, so if anything goes wrong or when you are feeling hungry, the digestive system reports this to the nervous system and gives you information that you have to do something about it. The digestive system therefore contributes to the physiological homeostasis of the body because without it, there would be no regular delivery of nutrients and energy needed by the other parts of the body to perform their bodily functions. Now let’s have a look at the different organs of the digestive system by following the journey of a food inside the digestive tract. First, the food enters our body thru the mouth. The mouth breaks down the food into smaller and softer crumbs so that it can easily pass down thru the digestive tract. Inside the mouth, we have the salivary glands that produce saliva which aids in the initial breaking down of food. The food is then swallowed and enters the esophagus that connects the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus produces a muscle movement known as peristalsis that pushes the food into the stomach. After traveling thru the esophagus, the swallowed food then lands on the stomach. The stomach is an organ where the food is broken down into liquid form. It also stores the food while it is being broken down for a matter of hours. Gastric enzymes are produced in the stomach that aid in the process of breaking down of food. After being stored for several hours, the liquidized food then enters the small intestine. Inside the small intestine, the final part breakdown of the food takes place. The pancreas produces pancreatic juices that aid the small intestine in final breaking down of food (mainly the fats and the proteins). The liver produces bile that aids in absorption of fats from the food that our body could utilize. The gallbladder stores the bile with the digested fats. As we can see, the small intestine is place where most of the important activities of the digestive system take place. It is also the place where the nutrients from the food are absorbed through the intestinal wall. After the journey inside the small intestine, the excess from the food that was not absorb by the body then travels thru the large intestine. The large intestine is the site where the food waste is produced. This is also the last place where our body could extract final nutrients available in the food, particularly the water content of the food. After absorbing the water content of the excess food, it becomes solid waste. The last part of the digestive tract is the rectum where the solid waste is stored until the body gets rid of the waste.

In Writing, Tone Is the Authors Attitude

In Writing, Tone Is the Authors Attitude In Writing, Tone Is the Author’s Attitude In Writing, Tone Is the Author’s Attitude By Mark Nichol In written composition, tone is often defined as what the author (rather than the reader) feels about the subject. (What the reader feels about it, by contrast, is referred to as the mood.) Tone is also sometimes confused with voice, which can be explained as the author’s personality expressed in writing. Tone is established when the author answers a few basic questions about the purpose of the writing: Why am I writing this? Who am I writing it to? What do I want the readers to learn, understand, or think about? Tone depends on these and other questions. In expository, or informative, writing, tone should be clear and concise, confident but courteous. The writing level should be sophisticated but not pretentious, based on the reader’s familiarity with or expertise in the topic, and should carry an undertone of cordiality, respect, and, especially in business writing, an engagement in cooperation and mutual benefit. Expository writing shares with journalistic writing an emphasis on details in order of priority, so writers should not only organize their compositions to reflect what they believe is most important for readers to know but also use phrasing and formatting that cues readers about the most pertinent information words like first, primary, major, and â€Å"most important,† and special type like italics or boldface, but employ both techniques with restraint. In creative writing, tone is more subjective, but it also requires focus on communication. The genre often determines the tone thrillers use tight, lean phrasing, romances (hearty adventures as well as adventures of the heart) tend to be more effusive and expressive, comedies more buoyant, and so on. Some writing guides suggest that if you’re unsure about what tone to adopt for fiction, you visualize the book as a film doesn’t everybody do that anyway these days? and imagine what emotions or feelings its musical soundtrack would convey. Tone is delivered in the form of syntax and usage, in imagery and symbolism, allusion and metaphor, and other literary tools and techniques, but that shouldn’t imply that developing tone is a technical enterprise that involves a checklist. Just as with mastering your writing voice (while being flexible enough to adapt it to a particular project), adopting a certain tone depends on these and many other qualitative factors. Tone can also be compared to differing attitudes of human behavior the difference, for instance, in how you behave at work, at church, at a party, and so on. Tone and voice are two features of writing that go hand in hand to create the style for a piece of writing. The attitude and the personality two other ways to describe these qualities could also be said to blend into a flavor of writing. Whatever analogy you use, make a conscious decision about tone based on the purpose, the audience, and the desired outcome of your work. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OUGrammatical Case in English

buy custom War with Spain essay

buy custom War with Spain essay The Spanish-American War took place in 1898. It was a short-lived conflict between United States and Spain. This War was an indirect consequence of Spanish policies in Cuba. The immediate and the underlying causes were however various. Immediate and Underlying Causes Spanish-American War The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor is one among the immediate causes of the War Spanish-American War (Streich, 2009). The cause of the explosion was never clearly established and proven. However, it was, to a large extent, attributed to Spanish mine by the American press. The exaggerated reports about the events that unfolded in the wake to the War also anned the War. The news reports quickly interpreted the War as an attack on U.S. by Spain. The U.S. was very determined to protect its business interest in Cuba. It therefore joined the Cuban rebels against Spain to fight for their independence. This was the major underlying cause of the War. The U.S. pursued this interest by supporting the Cuban rebels to get independence from Spain (Streich, 2009). The Cuban insurgents won the sympathy of America. However, U.S. intervention worsened its relationship with Spain. The U.S. was greatly moved owing to the fact that it incurred heavy losses in terms of its investments in Cuba due to the guerilla warfare. This thus pushhed the U.S. to rise against Spain. Spanish-American War a Splendid Little War The U.S. Secretary of State referred to the Spanish-American conflict as a splendid little war. This was partly because he considered the War to be unnecessary since there were diplomatic options of ending the War and Spain had also made several concessions to end the War. However, this statement was also made out of the fact that U.S. was rising to be the worlds super-power. Confronting the Spanish to give the Cuban rebels their desired independence was therefore a simple task that only called for declaration of War against Spain. Buy custom War with Spain essay

Service Oriented Software Engineering Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Oriented Software Engineering - Article Example The platforms based on Component Based Development, such as CORBA, Java Beans, and.NET, are such standards for developing complex Web-based systems. The increasing interest in web based services has made the industry to provide platform-independent software resources (W3C, 2004). The Internet, can be used as a provider of different kinds of services. Using Web services, organisations are now able to expose their main and the most important business processes on the Internet as a collection of services. The main issue is not about using web services as a new technology but in how best to make use of web service technology and therefore how to integrate them properly. We need to apply well-defined engineering approaches to ensure we will not end up with an accumulation of unusable services (which might be functional in theory). The goal is to collaborate and coordinate between components that provide these services. Service Oriented Software Engineering (SOSE) is the approach used for this purpose. The first and main concept in Service Oriented Software Engineering is â€Å"service†. The service is the descriptor of an agreement between provider of the service and its consumer. It is a reusable functionality and it is contractually defined. Service Orientation focuses on how services are described in a way to help finding appropriate services at run time dynamically. Service orientation is based on the idea that a service requester is not necessarily in need of one particular provider. Service providers can be changed with each other as long as they follow the contract imposed by the description of the service. The main assumption in Service Orientation is the availability of services dynamically. The service registry is the entity in between the requesters and providers. It contains a set of service descriptions and their related providers. It helps with service publication, removal, and discovery. Service composition represents the way to use a set of

Structural engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structural engineering - Essay Example The analysis can be done either manually or using commercial software. This paper is aimed at expounding on the details of sub-frame structural design. For a span that is greater than or equal to two times the overall depth for simply supported span and greater than or equal to two and a half times the overall depth for continuous span, a beam is classified as shallow beam, otherwise it is a deep beam. Effective width (beff) = width of beam (bw) + ÃŽ £(0.2 times of half the centre to centre width to the next beam (0.2bi) + 0.1 times the span of zero moment (0.1lpi), with the sum of the latter not exceeding 0.2 times the span of zero moment and lpi taken as 0.7 times the effective span of the beam). Design moment of beam (and slab) monolithic with its support providing rotational restraint should be that at support face if the support is rectangular and 0.2Ø if the support is circular with diameter Ø. But the design moment after reduction should not be less than 65% of the support moment. For a simply supported or continuous beam, the clear distance between restraints should be less than or equal to 60bc or 250bc 2/d if less; and for a cantilever with lateral restraint only at support, the clear distance from cantilever to support should be less than or equal to 25bc or 100bc 2/d if less where bc is the breadth of the compression face of the beam and d is the effective depth. Usually the slenderness limits need be checked for inverted beams or bare beam (without slab) We can, as far as our building structures are concerned, roughly adopt condition 1 (Mild) for the structures in the interior of our buildings (except for bathrooms and kitchens which should be condition 2), and to adopt condition 2 for the external structures. Nevertheless, the â€Å"Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction 1996† should also be checked for different fire resistance periods (FRP). So, taking into account our current practice of using concrete not inferior than

Financial management and risk analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial management and risk analysis - Essay Example The new assembly cell requires three cell programmer/operators recruited at a salary of  £20,000 per year each. The cell robots are expected to last for 5 years, after which they can be sold off for an estimated price of  £1,000 each. The company’s cost of capital is currently 10%. This is a two-option financial investment appraisal case which compares the cost of operating an existing sub-assembly line with the cost of a new automated assembly cell. Both options incur costs we could compare to find out which option results in lower expenses over the next five years. Any savings will increase profits, which we can then transform into additional value that would benefit our shareholders. We utilised common investment criteria to analyse this project, and considered other factors that may affect its financial viability. We included our suggested solutions and potential effects on the final decision through a sensitivity analysis, which takes into account: 1. The cost of replacing our eight fitters and with three skilled operators. We included the effect of granting separation pay to each displaced operator and made a recommendation on how much we could afford to pay. The key insight to our problem is to match the cash flows for both options. Option 1 is our existing sub-assembly line, whilst Option 2 would be our proposed investment in new automated machines. Each option has a cash outflow over the next five years. Whilst Option 1 would not require a large cash outflow now, it has the same level of cash flows we are currently spending to maintain the line. In contrast, Option 2 demands a large cash outflow now, but this would result in lower cash flows over the next five years. We compared both cash flow forecasts and arrived at a net cash flow, which is the amount of working capital we would save from the lower cash requirements of Option 2. A basic assumption is that the sub-assembly line’s productivity would be constant, and that

State and Federal Systems Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State and Federal Systems Paper - Essay Example 1101, et seq) has been similarly adapted in other states in the country and has tasked the Oklahoma Human Rights Commission as an agency of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to have the elective capacity to administer its civil rights enforcement. The Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (36 OS 3614.2) of Oklahoma "cannot discriminate in employment based in results of genetic testing (DNA, RNA, chromosome testing). Except for determining coverage or benefits employer may not even ask for such testing." Federal law provided the Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) to provide some protection against discrimination however this act does not ensure: "the limit of collection by insurers and prohibit them from requiring an individual to take the test further it does not limit the disclosure of information" The provision set forth in the federal law has inclusions that may leave room or excuse for the allowance of such procedure. HIPAA has not discussed nor assure non disclosure of such findings, thereby leaving room for doubt with respect to the actual right of the person. For the protection of women workers, the Oklahoma State in its Equal Pay Act (40 OS 198.1), added it "unlawful to willfully pay women employees less than males who are performing comparable work which have comparable requirements relating to skill except when differential is based upon merit system; seniority; a system basing compensation through quantity or quality of production; or any other factor rather than sex." Further this act has added stiff penalties for its violations and delegates the filing of suits to the Department of Labor. The above law is considerably treated as a derivative from the nation's Equal Pay Act(EPA) (29 USC 206d) however the scope sought to broaden and clarify the basis for the comparison cited above. As a diversified state with an economy centered on manufacturing, agriculture, mining and services, the State of Oklahoma has also provided a remarkable protection against smokers or the Smoker's Rights (40 O.S. 500, et seq). This law considers it illegal for an employer to practice "discrimination against persons who smoke during off-duty hours; discriminate against employees who do not smoke; cannot require an employee to refrain from smoking during off-duty hours unless such is provided by the union contract". Currently, North America is besieged with numerous by-laws against smoking and smokers. Other states have audaciously made it a point to ban smoking in the work premises. Non-smokers would be thankful for the passage of such laws. However such laws discriminates the person from finding a lucrative job fee from constant reprimand from its management and may affect the behavioral attitude of an employee towards the management and with his co-workers at the same time. Somehow, smokers do have to find work and the government cannot afford an incidence of job displacements because of this particular habit. Finding a conducive place for the release of this habit at a favorably appointed time would be more logical than its outright suppression. The Discrimination Act in its entirety, has carefully enumerated illegal acts of discriminating an individual by virtue of his: race, color and national origin hiring as stated in the Federal Laws. Cultural and racial practices however

Abortion Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abortion Final - Essay Example So questions arise like, is the mother who has aborted the child killer? Or, is the male partner of that woman equally responsible for this abortion/murder? Abortion is wrong at any stage, even at embryonic stage. If we will allow abortion for an earlier stage, then people will take advantage of this relaxation and will try to abort to baby even at a more mature stage which is called as fetus. So the main point of writing this paper is to argue that abortion should remain a crime except for a few genuine reasons. The term ‘abortion’ refers to those acts that are aimed at ending pregnancy. It also refers to forcing out the fetus or embryo form the womb of mother before it could be able to survive on its own: before complete child development that takes about 9 months in total after conception. If this happens accidentally, it is referred as ‘miscarriage’. In this paper we are going to present some common ethical dilemmas against abortion. Then later we will analyze those dilemmas. Giving birth to children is an important part of personal as well as social life. Nevertheless, there are people who decide to have an abortion due to various reasons (Graber, M. 1996). We are also going to discuss the methods that are generally used to abort a baby at different stages of the child development. We then have a look at historical and legislation frontiers. We will also discuss this issue in the light of normative ethics. The reason behind an abortion varies from society to society and culture to culture. Some societies hate girls and abort if the gender test shows that they are going to have a baby girl. On the other hand, many parents or partners change their minds to have a baby and abort the baby. In cases of rapes, rape victims are used to abort the baby because this act is wrong altogether. One child policy that prevails in China is also one of the reasons behind abortions. In some poor countries,

State and Federal Systems Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State and Federal Systems Paper - Essay Example 1101, et seq) has been similarly adapted in other states in the country and has tasked the Oklahoma Human Rights Commission as an agency of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to have the elective capacity to administer its civil rights enforcement. The Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (36 OS 3614.2) of Oklahoma "cannot discriminate in employment based in results of genetic testing (DNA, RNA, chromosome testing). Except for determining coverage or benefits employer may not even ask for such testing." Federal law provided the Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) to provide some protection against discrimination however this act does not ensure: "the limit of collection by insurers and prohibit them from requiring an individual to take the test further it does not limit the disclosure of information" The provision set forth in the federal law has inclusions that may leave room or excuse for the allowance of such procedure. HIPAA has not discussed nor assure non disclosure of such findings, thereby leaving room for doubt with respect to the actual right of the person. For the protection of women workers, the Oklahoma State in its Equal Pay Act (40 OS 198.1), added it "unlawful to willfully pay women employees less than males who are performing comparable work which have comparable requirements relating to skill except when differential is based upon merit system; seniority; a system basing compensation through quantity or quality of production; or any other factor rather than sex." Further this act has added stiff penalties for its violations and delegates the filing of suits to the Department of Labor. The above law is considerably treated as a derivative from the nation's Equal Pay Act(EPA) (29 USC 206d) however the scope sought to broaden and clarify the basis for the comparison cited above. As a diversified state with an economy centered on manufacturing, agriculture, mining and services, the State of Oklahoma has also provided a remarkable protection against smokers or the Smoker's Rights (40 O.S. 500, et seq). This law considers it illegal for an employer to practice "discrimination against persons who smoke during off-duty hours; discriminate against employees who do not smoke; cannot require an employee to refrain from smoking during off-duty hours unless such is provided by the union contract". Currently, North America is besieged with numerous by-laws against smoking and smokers. Other states have audaciously made it a point to ban smoking in the work premises. Non-smokers would be thankful for the passage of such laws. However such laws discriminates the person from finding a lucrative job fee from constant reprimand from its management and may affect the behavioral attitude of an employee towards the management and with his co-workers at the same time. Somehow, smokers do have to find work and the government cannot afford an incidence of job displacements because of this particular habit. Finding a conducive place for the release of this habit at a favorably appointed time would be more logical than its outright suppression. The Discrimination Act in its entirety, has carefully enumerated illegal acts of discriminating an individual by virtue of his: race, color and national origin hiring as stated in the Federal Laws. Cultural and racial practices however

Procedure course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Procedure course work - Essay Example Subsequently, the court executing an appeal will be able to correct errors, which are made in judicial decisions in trial or those made in magistrates’ courts1. However, the upper court has no authority to amend the decisions reached by the magistrates. The upper court can sent back the case to the lower or magistrates’ courts for reconsideration. At the same time, according to the provisions, the upper court has to give reasons for the decisions made in order to eliminate any possible ground for judicial review2. In accordance with the scenario, the Ministry of Justice should review the process in relation to the right to appeals, which are made in the upper court against a sentence and/or conviction. Accordingly, the proposal made by the Ministry of Justice emphasises on removing the right to appeal to High Court by way of case stated or judicial review. Moreover, the proposal advocates that the right to appeal to Crown Court should be amended accordingly so that the judicial process of a re-hearing can be developed as time-efficient. Appeal from the Magistrates' Court to Crown Court As per rules as well as regulations of the judicial systems of the UK, appeals can be made to the Crown Court on certain grounds and provisions. These provisions are recognised to be governed under the ‘Part 63 Criminal Procedure Rules 2010’ (â€Å"the Rules†). The Crown Court is statutorily obliged to deal with cases, which are appealed from magistrates’ courts on certain specific conditions as mentioned below. Conviction and/or sentences, which are made in magistrates courts (section108 Magistrates Courts Act 1980) Orders linking hospital or guardianship (section 45(1) Mental Health Act 1983) Failure of an individual to conform with supervision order (paragraph 11, schedule 3 Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000) Failure in making orders associated with football banning orders (section14A(5A) Football Spectators Act 1989) Sour ce: 3 The Crown Court is also provided with the provision of modifying any sentences as well as any other orders made within a time frame of 56 days from the day on which the decision was made. In certain incidents in case of dismissing an appeal, the Crown Court is required to provide reasons and factors, which are accountable for such an occurrence. It is in this context that the provisions oblige the Crown Court to justify reasons responsible for the rendered decisions. In the case of [R v Harrow Crown Court ex p. Dave [1994] 1 All ER 315, [1994] ! WLR 98] and [R -v- Knightsbridge Crown Court ex p International Sporting Club [1981] 3 All ER 417, [1982] QB 304] it has been identified that it is one of the mandatory duties of the judges to provide appropriate reasons for the decisions as well as the dismissal of appeal of any appellant4. In this context, refusing to provide reasons and information relating to decisions as well as denial of appeal will act as a violation of Article 6 ‘European Court of Human Rights’ (ECHR), which may lead to judicial review of the case5. Stating precisely, the right to appeal is offered to parties who make appeal against certain convictions and/or sentences. According to ‘Part 63 Criminal Procedure Rules’, the application must be made within the 21 days of actual hearing conducted by the magistrates’

Creating My Own School Essay Example for Free

Creating My Own School Essay The benefits of education on the individual person no doubt extend beyond economic effects. Jeremy Behrman and Nevzer Stacey cited that the effects of education â€Å"spread beyond direct economic effects (1). † As such is the case Behrman and Nevser adds, benefits â€Å"include a better way of taking care of ourselves and consequently creating a better society in which to live† (1). Based on this notion, it is important to make education available for everyone regardless of race, color, social status and gender or even physical condition. Education should be a right of everyone and no one should be denied of this right. However, the quality of education has been the focal point in the educational arguments. The report of the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) cited that although teachers play an essential role in improving the students’ performance, the quality of education especially in areas where poverty is high, remains bad due to teachers’ lack of competency in the subject they teach (1). Thus it remains a burden of the government and of the society to establish schools that will cater to the increasing demand of a quality education. The No Child Left Behind Act was a response to this demand, yet it is clear that there is still a great demand for schools that would cater to the growing need of the society of a quality education for children. It is for this reason that I should like to introduce the Early College Communications (ECC) school which is designed to serve especially working class student and those with special cases. With highly competent teachers duly licensed by the states licensing board, the ECC provides quality education for grades 9-12 that would prepare students to college with a high level of competitiveness and a strong sense of achieving success in life. The school is deeply anchored on the government’s policy under No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) which emphasized on the qualification requirements for teachers. Under this act, the GAO report stated that states, districts, and schools are â€Å"responsible for ensuring that teacher meets these requirements† (1). The GAO also stated that the NCLBA â€Å"requires teachers of core academic subjects such as math and science be highly qualified†¦. † (1) The ECC proudly announces that it meets these requirements. The ECC’s philosophy of education is based on the principle that education is for everyone and that everyone deserves quality education. The ECC adopts a method of teaching based on Ramden’s (1992) distinctive ways of understanding teaching that is applicable to high school education wherein the teacher is seen as the organizer of student activity. Kate Ashcroft and Lorraine Foreman-Peck explained that in this method of teaching, the focus of the teaching and learning situation is on â€Å"what the student does† (69) and the role of the teacher is supervisory. In this case, as Ashcroft and Foreman-Peck pointed out, â€Å"the interest of teaching methods is now focused on ensuring that students learn† (69) and the teacher’s main concern is to motivate students â€Å"to be actively engaged† (69). With this method of teaching, the ECC management ensures that all students get quality education as we are implementing strict compliance for teachers to facilitate the student’s learning through motivating them to active and lively participation in the learning activities. As the school is committed to providing quality education, we have also implemented strict guidelines on the selection of teachers. Teachers were thoroughly screened if they have genuine interests in helping students learn regardless of their color, race, social status or physical condition. Thus, we are assuring everyone that the ECC is student friendly and we are very much concern all our student get quality education as they finished their term with us. For students with disabilities, that is, those belong to section two of the definition given by the Individuals with Disabilities Education act of 2004 (IDEA) cited by Roger Pierangelo and George Giuliani which held, (ii) Disorders not included. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage (1) Students with disabilities that do not include learning problems because of the reasons mentioned in the definition, we encourage them to enroll at ECC as we have highly competent teachers to handle this special class. However, we require students with disabilities to seek certification from the local educational agency whether they responds to scientific, research-based intervention as part of the evaluation procedures. With teachers’ genuine concerns on students with disabilities, their primary aim is to ensure that students with disabilities learn equally with other students. Furthermore, the school facilities are designed for the convenience of these special students. These teachers are licensed by the state to handle special classes and they are skilled in communicating with students with disabilities. Overall, the school is committed on preparing our students to become successful individual regardless of their color, race, social status, and physical condition. The student who could finish their term at ECC will have an early college credit because the school offers subjects that will provide them advantage when they go to college. Thus, with our commitment towards the future success in life of our students, and with efficient and highly qualified teachers we are confident we can lead our students to become competitive, success oriented and determined to achieve their dreams in life. For everyone out there, enroll now at Early Communication College and be assured of a quality education and of an exciting learning situation in the classroom. Work Cited Ashcroft, Kate Foreman-Peck, Lorraine Managing Teaching and Learning in Further and Higher Education Great Britain: Routledge, 1994 Behrman, Jere R. Stacey, Nevser The Social Benefits of Education USA: University of Michigan, 1997 â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act Improved Accessibility to Education’s Information† USA: The United States GAO, 2005 Pierangelo, Roger Guiliani, George A. Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities USA: Corwin Press, 2008

Work, Power and Energy Transfer Questions and Answers

Work, Power and Energy Transfer Questions and Answers Amy Harris   Task 1 Packing cases of mass 25kg are to be pushed onto a ramp by use of a  hydraulic ram as shown above. The coefficients of static and dynamic friction  between the box and surface are 0.7 and 0.4 respectively. Assuming uniform  acceleration at all stages. Calculate: a) The maximum force required in the ram to push the crate onto the slope  with an acceleration of 0.25ms b) The velocity of the crate as it leaves the top part of the ramp assuming  this part of the movement takes 1 second. c) The velocity of the crate at the bottom of the ramp d) The distance travelled after leaving the ramp and continuing in a straight  line (assume a smooth curve at the bottom of the slope). e) The total time for the entire movement of the crate. Corrections to Task 1: Task 2 A pile driver hammer of mass 300kg is raised to a height of 3.5m before being released. If there is no rebound after impact with a pile of mass 500kg and the pile is driven 0.1m into the ground, Calculate: a) The initial potential energy of the hammer before release. b) The velocity of the hammer immediately before impact c) The velocity of the hammer and pile immediately after impact d) The deceleration of the pile assuming it is uniform e) The ground resistance Corrections to Task 2: Task 3 Find the velocity of the hammer immediately before impact for the problem given in Q2 above using DAlemberts Principle and write a report comparing it with the conservation of energy method previously used. How do the two methods differ and what were the discrepancies in the results? The DAlemberts Principle can; in some parts, be very similar to the second law motion which Newton introduced. He thought that the law could be rewritten so that we can achieve the appearance of an equilibrium. This principle was made by Jean le Rond dAlembert, he was a French mathematician in the 18th century. It is explained as reducing a problem in dynamics to a problem in statics (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016). I found that when referring to the time derivatives of the momenta of the system (Wikipedia, June 2016) DAlemberts principle shows this equation F-ma=0 (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016). I researched this formula and found that F=ma'(classes R., no date) and newtons second law states that F= mg (Kearsley, no date) This means that when no external force is present we may use the formula mg-ma=0. Dalemberts principle is different to the conservation of energy method as dalemberts uses the equilibrium of forces when referring to a dynamic system and the conservation of energy method states that in a closed dynamic system the energy total equals zero. They may differ sometimes as they are dealing with different values to come out with the answer, also aspects such as human error when rounding comes into play as a small rounding error can sometimes affect the answer. The conservation of energy method is used more than the that of DAlemberts, perhaps because it is not often that a system is balanced completely which is when DAlemberts is used. The answer I got is the same as I do with the other method, this shows that this method can be used to prove the answer found in task 2.          Bibliography The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (20 July 1998) DAlemberts Principle [online] Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/dAlemberts-principle [Accessed 24/11/2016] The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (1998) DAlemberts principle | physics, in Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/dAlemberts-principle [Accessed: 22/02/2017] Classes, R. (no date) Dalemberts Principle [online]Available at: http://kestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph321/notes/dalembert/dalembert.pdf [Accessed: 22/02/2017] References: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (20 July 1998) DAlemberts Principle [online] Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/dAlemberts-principle[Accessed 24/11/2016] The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (1998) DAlemberts principle | physics, in Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/dAlemberts-principle [Accessed: 22 February 2017] Kearsley (no date) Forces [online] Available at: http://www.mrkearsley.com/notes/physics-forces.pdf [Accessed: 2 March 2017]   

Thomas King :: Biography, Author

THOMAS KING - WRITER Thomas King is a multi-talented and accomplished writer who expresses concerns of Aboriginal people through literature. He was born in 1943 in Sacramento California to a Cherokee father and a German and Greek mother and grew up in Sacramento. In 1980, King moved to Canada with his nine-year old son and lived in Alberta for about ten years. He returned briefly to the United States in 1986 to receive his PhD in English Literature at the University of Utah, but is now a Canadian citizen and resides in Guelph, Ontario. King is a writer by trade, but has also had an extensive teaching career. He worked as a Professor of Native Studies at the University of Lethbridge, in Alberta, and was also the Chair of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota. He currently teaches Native literature and creative writing at the University of Guelph in southern Ontario. King has written three novels; Medicine River (1990), which was made into a CBC-TV movie, Green Grass, Running Water (1992), and Truth and Bright Water (1997). Green Grass, Running Water was nominated for the Governor General's award for literature in 1992. He received a second nomination for the same award the following year for his children's book A Coyote Columbus Story. King published a collection of his short stories called, One Good Story, That One, in 1993. His essays, poems and other writings have appeared in many magazines, including the "The Hungry Mind Review", and "World Literature in English". King has also edited collections of Native short stories for various publications across the country and created a book of photographs of Aboriginal artists.

An Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Period of a Pendulum :: Papers

An Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Period of a Pendulum I could investigate the following factors: * Angle of displacement * Length of string * Pendulum weight I am going to investigate and see if varying the length of string will affect the period of the pendulum. My prediction is: The longer the string the longer the period. The period will be longer as the pendulum has farther to travel. My theory is demonstrated below. Pendulum A has a shorter string. This gives it a shorter period. Pendulum B has a longer string and has a much larger period as it has farther to travel to get from X to Y to X which is one period. [IMAGE] I made my prediction based on a previous experiment I have done. The length affected the period as stated above and I think this will happen again in this experiment. I looked at a clock with a pendulum to see how it worked. I found that to change the speed of a second you adjust the length of the pole which the pendulum hangs from, so I also based my prediction on that as it is the same principle. I set up a trial experiment to test out the following: * Which angle of displacement to use (e.g. 90Â °) * How many readings to take * Which lengths of string to measure (e.g. every 10cm) * Where to carry out the experiment (on a desk/floor etc..) To ensure the test is fair I am going to: * Use the same piece of string * Use the same weight pendulum (preferably the exact same pendulum) * Make sure the string is measured accurately To ensure the test is safe I am going to: * Use a sensible angle of displacement * Not to swing the pendulum near others To ensure the test is accurate I am going to:

American Psychological Association Essay

Psychology has been defined as the study of human behavior, or a science that deals with mental and emotional processes. The American Psychological Association (2010) defines it as a diverse subject which is grounded in science, having numerous applications in everyday life. Given that any discipline is subject to continuous growth, psychology was not initially termed as a science until the mid nineteenth century. It is therefore a young science compared to other natural sciences which have a long history, but it is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, for it to be a science it must possess some scientific characteristics that describe every discipline termed as such. On the other hand, science is usually described as systematic knowledge derived from study and observation, or a branch of knowledge that systematizes facts, principles and methods. Since the purpose of this essay is to discuss psychology as a science, the integral part will give an insight into some of the characteristics of psychology that qualify it as a science. Studies of Milar, & Fuchs, (2002) indicate that the discipline of psychology has its roots in Germany back in the mid nineteenth century. It resulted from the British and the continental philosophies of mind and advances of research in sensory physiology. Before then, it was only the philosophers who were in pursuit of know how related to the mind and some of its processes. However, a challenge emerged in the late eighteenth century declaring that it was not possible to study mind scientifically. The challenge was eventually overcome in the nineteenth century after the emergence of a possibility of study of mind within the field of philosophy by adoption of experimental methods used to study the physiology of the senses. As a result, the new psychology came about and has continued to grow and develop. Psychologists have contributed greatly not only for the sake of its growth, but also with an aim of maintaining it as a scientific discipline through the employment of scientific methods. Psychology contains some of the characteristics that are common with other sciences. For instance, biology is the study of the living things and physics is the study of the physical world. Similarly, psychology is basically the study of human behavior, a phenomenon that can be observed. Although a number of people argue that some branches of psychology study things that cannot be observed like fear, sciences equally study things such as gravity which cannot be seen and are still considered scientific. The study method used is also very important. Any science utilizes scientific methods in its study. Simond (2008) indicates that since the mid nineteenth century, psychology has been applying scientific methods in the study of the full range of both human and non-human behavior. In addition, its application is scientifically based. Due to its diverse nature, there are many topics in psychology because it is very diverse, but systematic observation is incorporated in all the topics. Objectivity which is a core characteristic of any scientific study, is well incorporated in most of the psychological studies. In any objective study, the researcher does not impose any ideas that may be biased or incorporate elements of his personal beliefs. In most of the psychological studies, psychologists may bring into play laboratory studies which are largely controlled such that they cannot be biased by the researcher’s beliefs. For quite sometime, physiological, cognitive and behavioral approaches have been using objective methods like laboratory experiments. However, it has been argued that an objective and value free study is not actually possible because scientists usually have a preconceived notion and they consider other factors especially during the diagnosis of psychological problems (Simond, 2008). Psychology like other science makes use of theories to explain some psychological phenomena. For instance, there are several personality theories which explain the different personality types. In addition, there are theories that give details concerning the causes of a disorder like schizophrenia. It bears noting that one of these theories explains that schizophrenia is caused by biological factors. Although there are some psychological theories which cannot be tested, some of these theories are found in other sciences are generally accepted. The research done by Lutus (2009) reveals that the role of each science is to develop reasonable explanations known as â€Å"theories describing realities†. Moreover, the justifications are supposed to be based on real evidence which is gathered and evaluated disregarding the feelings or passions of the researcher. In addition, most of the psychological theories that have been tested fit in this category quite well. Although the discipline of psychology is still going through revolution, various studies affirm that psychologists have established various laws and principles which are universally acceptable. For instance, behavior is largely viewed as a product of consequences. Much as it may be argued that it is not very easy to have laws and principles in psychology without the influence of other factors, the same problem affects other natural sciences. Considering the fact that psychology has developed some laws and principles and is still in the process of developing it can be affirmed that it is indeed a science. Simond (2008) states that, whether psychology has ever had paradigm is currently an issue that is raising a lot of debate. From a psychologist’s point of view, the subject had undergone through a number of revolutions such that psychology has had a number of paradigms. Moreover, psychology can be stated as being in a stage of a normal science as its current paradigm is cognitive approach. A keen study of psychology illustrates that although there are some perspectives which may not be scientific, a majority of the outlooks fall under scientific perspectives. On the same note, behavioral, cognitive-developmental, cognitive and physiological approaches fall under scientific perspectives. It is only humanistic and psychodynamic approach which is thought to be slightly idiographic. The social approach is intermediate because it appreciates the role of science in psychology and still incorporates other sociological and environmental factors. All factors put into consideration, the fact is that psychology is a science because it mostly employs scientific approaches. As stated by Simond ‘the issue of psychology as a science is cloudy’ (2008, Para 6). On one hand, it is a science that studies human behavior and all the aspects related to the same such as memory. In the process carrying out these studies, various variables are measured and controlled to a certain point. Laboratories are used to improve the controls and to make them as systematic as possible and as a result, general laws about behavior are formed or established. On the other hand, psychology tends to partially deviate from the scientific perspectives since it does not aim at generalizing human behavior. In some instances, scientific methods are not useful especially where the focus is on individual differences and the experiences that people go through. In some cases, psychology utilizes some methods which are non-scientific such as the case studies as well as the unstructured interviews. Either way it is worth noting that, psychology developed from both scientific and non scientific disciplines which are physiology and philosophy respectively. However, ever since psychology started operating independently, it has always taken the model of the natural sciences. Moreover, it has made numerous contributions in the scientific study of human behavior (Simond, 2008). As depicted by the findings of this paper, it is therefore possible that psychology can be viewed as a science in spite of the fact that it does not concur with some of the traditional scientific specifications. Since it follows the scientific methods which have helped to advance other natural sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology, it qualifies to be termed as a science. In addition, psychology has so many characteristics that are still possessed by other sciences. It equally entails several theories, some of which have been developed in to testable hypothesis. Various laws and principles developed from the psychological studies have been generalized such that they can be applicable in different parts of the world. It however stands out that the issue of referring to psychology as a science is contentious but there is solid evidence to defend it. Word Count 1354 Bibliography: American Psychological Association.(2010). About APA. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://www. apa. org/about/ Lutus, P. (2009). Is Psychology a Science? Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://www. arachnoid. com/psychology/index. html Milar, K. , & Fuchs, A. (2002). Psychology as a Science. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://media. wiley. com/product_data/excerpt/01/04713832/0471383201. pdf Simond, M. (2008). Psychology – A Science As Well As an Art. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Psychology- ¬- ¬- ¬A- ¬Science- ¬As- ¬Well- ¬As- ¬an- ¬Art&id=961082

Article with logical fallacies Essay

Christians believe God created the whole world because he had the powers, this make them argue out the theory of evolution which states that each and every creature that exist has undergone the process of evolution. Due to the believe in the theory of creation, religion has given trust to their creator who is god, from the ancestral time to modern time. Many societies have followed this because their ancestors had practiced this for a very long time. Christians believe in faith and they argue that their faith is difficult to destroy since they believe in the word of god which was prophesized and written in the bible by men who were inspired by god and this believes have forced non- believers in the society into Christianity. The study of the bible has also strengthen the Christian believe since it has given them reliable evidence that their powerful god exist and one day he shall come into existence and he will save them from the temptation they encounter each and every day . Figure out what kind of logical fallacy is used and how it is used. Logical fallacies are the detects that weakens our arguments or reasoning, It can also be defined as error in reasoning. By having the strength to look at different types of fallacies we are able to evaluate the arguments, readings etc Fallacies have also helped us to improve our critical way of looking at things. The following logical fallacies have been identified in the above article; Fallacies that appeals to galley or Argumentum ad populum this is a fallacy that make people accept something because it is done or accepted by many people, an example in the above article is where people in the society decide to follow Christianity because they found other people had already accepted to follow it. Argumentum ad atiquitatem or fallacy of accepting something since it has been there for along time, example is the above article is where people in the society have accepted to be converted to Christianity since they believe it has been their for along time, therefore it is good to be followed. Argumentum ad baculum or Fallacy that appeal to force in order to prevail in debate, this particular type of fallacy is seen widely in the religion whereby a powerful religion forces non- believers to accept believe in the religion . In the above article non believers are forced to believe that god exists and they should believe in him. Lastly there is the Fallacy where conclusion is drawn from unconnected premises. For example in the above article bible has been believed to have been written by god`s people who were inspired by god, So when people read the bible and learn that it was prophesized by god, they are unable to evaluate it into creative thinking. Reference www. philosophychatforum. com

Kari Martinsen Philosophy of caring Model Essay

Kari Martinsen Philosophy of caring Model - Essay Example Principally, there are three features that links nursing care; the belief of quality in nursing, the association between nursing care and ethical values and compassionate as an interpretational exercise. In contrast, countless patients complain about the lack of care when consulting their doctors, facing ignorance, inattentiveness or undignified conduct (Malmsten, 1999). I debate about the state of caring in nursing and highlight some of the distresses in relation to care in nursing. Mission/Vision Statement/Core Values Mercy Suburban Hospital’s vision statement is to be the leading provider of kindhearted health care and increased community access to excellent health and Medicare services aimed at improving the quality of health of communities and individuals. Mission: Mercy Health System aims at building strongly partnership with the Catholic Church in healing and treatment through the ministry’s spirit of the sisters of mercy. In fulfilling the mission, Mercy Health Hospital strives to create a caring and compassionate environment within the hospital and its surroundings. Besides, the hospital is dedicated to communal transformation and healing addressing the diverse health demands of the community and increased access to medical care by the marginalized and the disadvantaged groups. Mercy suburban Hospital works closely with the patients and their families to forge on advancing spiritual and psychosocial support through innovative compassionate care and medicines. Core Values Mercy Systems Hospital is committed to: Excellence: in quality medical care and health services which exceeds expectation of the patient Christian Service Motivation: contributing to the preservation and strengthening of Catholic Health service via Catholic Health East membership Inclusiveness: affirming and inviting persons from all ethnicities, religion, and culture to network and collaborate with Mercy Systems in providing quality healthcare to the community. Stewardsh ip: enhance fiscal responsibility and creative leadership among all the stakeholders. Besides, it enhances staff development, resource conservation and nurturing the environment. Integrity: advocacy and generation of trust. The Kari Martisen Philosophy of Nursing Care There is a considerable discrepancy between expectations and reality in nursing care (Martinsen, 2006). Not all doctors or nurses care a terrific deal. The concept of care in the field of medicine is disputable. I welcome Kari perspectives on the influence and importance of ethics in relation to nursing care. Care by definition requires the recognition of the need. The basic human existence relates to this definition. As humans, we are social and dependent on other people. Thus, care is a preconditioned fundamental in human life. As mankind, we are interconnected; this creates dependency which requires a response in the form of care (Malmsten, 1999). Martinsen understands a state of care as being circumstantial, emotio nally burdened and particularistic in nature. Care is to communicate to the other in absolute and impulsive way as a reaction to the condition of the other (Martinsen, 2006). To accomplish this, we must identify the patient need in the first place. Noting the necessity for care is thus the basic element of care as Martinsen implies by arguing that in order to care for the patient, we must both be able to see and express the patient’s plea for assistance in order to reinforce the patient’

Program Outcome 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program Outcome 2 - Assignment Example For instance, Unisys Corporation conducts daily managerial briefing that involves all managers and their assistants from all the key departments. As a result of this, information trickles down to employees least in the hierarchy within the shortest period and through the relevant channels. While conducting my research, not only the affectivity of communication that caught my attention but also a strong and well defined leadership style. I applied the skills obtained from my business leadership class to ascertain the relevance of the leadership style in harmonizing the workforce. Supervisors and managers within various departments of this corporation ensure close monitoring of their crew to maximize on their potential. Employees are awarded bonuses for work well done, and this enhances their morale. For instance, the Human Resource department keeps a record of all these bonuses culminating to wholesome cash at the end of the month. My research indicated that this was a key factor to the success realized by the corporation since every employee delivers his or her best with the aim of earning bonuses from

MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGMT - Assignment Example Performance appraisal is a very beneficial process. It is a positive experience and can contribute to the overall wellbeing of the company and organization if implemented properly it helps individuals to perform better, raise their confidence and give them motivation. On the whole it strengthens the relations between management and their subordinates within the organization and paves way for commitment. Performance evaluation is not something which can be ignored and taken lightly (J.Daniels) 2. What are the best performance management practices? Like (Feedback, communication, reword) Some of the best management performance practices are: 1. Performance Appraisals and Feedback 2. Communication For performance appraisals to be effective and produce the desired results, clear cut objectives need to be chalked out. They should have a clear objective of why it is done and what for. Performance appraisal is a process. As stated by Northhouse in his account on performance appraisals that i t is most likely to fail if its objective is not linked to good personnel management and is implemented with a vague purpose and line of thought. (NorthHouse) Different arguments have been put forward by different authors. Kelly believes that Communication of performance is a very integral part of the entire process. (Kelly) She has further argued that anyone who is leading and directing the activities of others under him should know the art of conducting an effective performance review meeting. It should not be taken lightly. It should be seriously and should not be considered as a meaningless chit chat. It should be sought for as an opportunity for improvement by both the manager as well as his sub ordinates. 3. What are the Career Success key elements? Career success key elements are sustained hard work, sincerity to one self and to the organization and commitment to organizational goals. It is important to ensure that the employees are aware of what direction they are treading o n and how effective they have been so far. Employer feedback helps immensely and has a major role to play in the career success. 3. How to conduct a Performance Management Assessment Performance Management is an entire process as mentioned above. However the final phase of the performance management cycle is the performance management Assessment. It offers an excellent opportunity for one to communicate past performances to the employee, evaluate his job satisfaction and chalk out plans for his future performance. During the assessment it is important to develop a supporting environment that states clearly the purpose of the discussion. Key areas of responsibility should be discussed and examples of specific results need to be cited. Similarly clarifying questions need to be asked and employee performance should be acknowledged wherever needed be. Past performances that could have been done better should be discussed with a clear focus on future performance. It is important to ensur e that the employee has an understanding of future expectations regarding performance. It should be concluded on a positive note with an emphasis on the benefits of the conversation. 4. What the traditional approaches to performance management describe succinctly with meaning Following are the traditional approaches to performance management: 1. Essay Appraisal Method: In this the description of the performance of the employee is provided by his superior 2. Straight Ranking Method:

Launching New Ventures Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Launching New Ventures - Dissertation Example In order to identify and develop a business opportunity, it is necessary to follow certain processes. These processes are analytically described below. At a first level, it is necessary to choose the approach on which the processes will be based. The effectual approach of decision-making has been chosen under the terms that the future conditions of the market involved cannot be precisely defined in advance – taking into consideration the strong market turbulence because of the global recession. Each of the phases of the processes is justified using relevant literature; additional literature is analytically presented in a separate section. 2.1 Effectual approach The effectual approach of the decision-making process is based on the proposition that since certain elements of the future are known, there are measures that can be taken for controlling it, even if its precise characteristics are not known. In the terms of the business environment, the above approach means that the future performance of business plans can be guaranteed – at an important level - by taking measures which are appropriate in terms of the common market conditions. The above approach is not based on the perspective that the exact future conditions of the market can be known, a perspective accepted in the causal approach of decision making. For this reason, the effectual approach has been chosen as most appropriate for checking a business opportunity, since this approach has the following benefits: a) it does not require accurate decisions but just effective plans; emphasis is given on the construction of the business projects and not on the development of a series of decisions; this fact can help to save time in realizing the projects, b) it does not require precise goals or stable market environment; this fact is an advantage of the effectual approach taking into consideration the turbulence in the global market, c) it does not require extensive market research, a fact that could also save time/ resources in the completion of the business project involved(Doke et al. 2007).

Pedophilia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pedophilia - Research Paper Example Pedophile is sexually attracted not towards opposite sex people but towards young children. Pedophiles abuse children in order to satisfy their sexual desires. This is why they pose a threat to the society. Pedophilia is considered as a mental disorder according to the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 2007). Treatment of this disease is not known today. In this essay we will argue why a crimes like pedophilia are still persistent in our society. Absence of Appropriate Punishment Appropriate punishment can hinder any crime. It is in human nature to give in to emotional desires and only threat of punishment can stop criminals from committing any kind of crime. It is very hard for human beings to control his or her impulses therefore law and order and its enforcement is important in order to maintain the balance of the society. This balance will be only be maintained if appropriate punishment will be given to the criminals in accordance with the crimes they commit. Treatme nt of pedophiles in the justice system is not appropriate and that is why pedophilia is still persistent in our society today. Perpetuators of sexual abuse on children are not punished severely by the criminal system due to many reasons. Mostly children are not able to explain what has happened to them and that is why pedophiles are not identified. ... When sexually abused children feel that this is too part of life and therefore are not likely to report such incidents. This is a big hindrance in the punishment of pedophiles. They take advantage of this and continue their crimes. Also in the justice system there are certain loop holes and pedophiles exploit them to avoid punishments for their crimes. Children can usually not recount what has happened to them and are mostly not able to testify in courts. This is why pedophiles go free and are not convicted in court. It is also hard to prove sexual abuse on children because abuse is different from that on adults. Sexual intercourse usually doesn’t happen with children and pedophiles use different ways to satisfy and pleasure themselves. This is why it is hard to prove sexual abuse on children due to lack of DNA evidence. When sexual intercourse happen DNA tests can easily prove that but this is usually not the case with children. This is another problem in the legal system whi ch is exploited by pedophiles. Also laws made for the sex offenders are based on emotions and do not focus strategically on the eradication of the crime itself (Lynch, M. 2006). This is another reason why punishment received by pedophiles is not enough. The nature of the crime committed by pedophiles is different from other crimes. First of all it is important to understand that pedophilia is a mental disorder. It is not a crime like murder or theft where criminal is committing the crime at his or her own discretion. In the case of pedophilia criminal should be treated as a patient. He is doing the crime because he is mentally sick. This difference should be taken into account before sentencing a pedophile. The sentence of a pedophile should be

Why was America taken by surprise on 11 September 2001 Essay

Why was America taken by surprise on 11 September 2001 - Essay Example On the morning of September 11, 2001 four commercial planes were hijacked by terrorists affiliated with Al-Qaeda, an Islamic extremist group. The number of terrorists was expected to be around 19 that carried suicide attacks in three different places. The first two planes crashed into the World Trade Center in New York, the third destructed a part of the Pentagon while the fourth crashed in a field of Pennsylvania. This was a massive and atrocious attack on the land of America causing immense collateral damage.2 Who would have expected the day when America crippled into the depths of shock and horror with strong defensive shields mentioned above. A major chunk of the American economy flourishing in the WTC was deflated. The Pentagon that is the central decision making body of the country was so vulnerable and the trans-border security on the airports was so weak that no one could keep a check on any unusual activities. All of these loopholes resulted in the death of more than 3000 civilians3 on 9/11. When the episode of 9/11 is dug deep, one comes across a lot of questions. For instance, why did a non-state actor attack America? How did it get the capability to penetrate inside the country? Was there an insider involved? Does it prove the failure of President George W. Bush’s administration or was it another excuse to wage war like the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941? All of these questions have affected the lives of Americans itself. Right after the country was attacked, President George W. Bush declared war on terror and put forward a proposal of â€Å"either you are with us or them (terrorists)† before the world making states choose between the devil and the deep blue sea. President Bush invested heavily to wage the war against Osama Bin Laden, the culprit responsible for planning and executing the attacks. He started off with bombarding Afghanistan in 2001 which hasn’t stopped yet even after a decade. The attacks had

Molson Canadian Beer to China Essay Example for Free

Molson Canadian Beer to China Essay This paper will analyze a products potential to enter a foreign market. The product, Molson Canadian, is a well known and reputable Canadian beer with a rich history. For our purposes, we have attempted to formulate a plan for Molson Canadian to enter the Chinese beer market. Utilizing empirical data, statistics and research on the Chinese beer market, we have gathered significant information regarding entry into this market. After analyzing China as a country, their beer market and relevant business information, we developed an effective way for Molson Canadian to be introduced into the Chinese market. In addition, we have highlighted some potential opportunities and threats associated with this plan, thereby rationalizing the entry mode we have chosen. After all the information was presented, we concluded that the most effective way to introduce Molson Canadian to the Chinese market was to export the product, utilizing distributor and import contacts to have the beer sold at on-trade sites such as upscale bars and eateries. The following information provided explains our direction and reinforces our decision to enter the market in this fashion. Introduction. The beer brand Molson is one of Canada’s oldest consumer brand names and one of North America’s oldest brands. John Molson established Canada’s oldest brewery in 1786 near the St. Lawrence River in Montreal, Quebec. The Molson company has a range of beer selection including: Molson Canadian, a lager beer containing 5% of alcohol per volume, Molson Canadian Light contains about 2% of alc/vol, Molson Canadian 6. 0 Cold Shots (6% of alc/vol), Molson Canadian Sub Zero (it can served at temperatures below freezing through innovative technology) and its new Molson Canadian 67 (contains only 67 calories). Along with the Molson brand of beverages, Molson also owns the rights to other brands such as the various Rickards brands as well as distribution rights of popular imports such as Heineken from Holland. Molson Canadian is the company’s signature beer, using freshwater from Canadian lakes and the best quality barley in the recipe. Molson’s brewing methods do not utilize preservatives in order to maintain crisp, clean and fresh taste. Instead, they use traditional best methods along with skilled brew masters to ensure best quality from suppliers to retailers. As a result, Molson has received numerous awards in the past, including the gold for â€Å"North American Style Lager† in 2008. In 2005 Molson Brewery merged in equal parts with American brewing company Coors, forming the Molson Coors Brewing Company. The purpose of this report is to introduce a marketing plan for Molson to enter the Chinese consumer market. The main objective is to analyze and determine possible ways to successfully distribute Molson’s signature beer (Molson Canadian) to the Chinese consumer market. The next sections provide country and business analysis as well as the marketing mix in order to construct an effective and efficient marketing plan. Also, an action plan will be prepared to consider implementation of strategies and their associated budgets. Country Analysis China is located in eastern Asia and is the fourth largest country in the world. It borders a number of countries including Vietnam, North Korea, India and Pakistan. China also has the largest population in the world with more than 1. 3 billion (1,338,612,968) people. China also has several languages and dialects spoken throughout the country, but the major ones are mandarin and Cantonese. (CIA Fact book 2010) China is a communist state, however in the last 30 years the nation has gradually changed from a centrally planned economy to a more market oriented economy. This transition has benefited China because it opened its’ boarders to international trade, increasing the countries import/export figures dramatically over the years. In addition, the more open economic system allowed for an influx of foreign direct investment into the country. China’s rampant growth in the past 30 years is evident in the country’s economic statistics. 2009 country GDP numbers place China as 3rd overall worldwide in total GDP with $8. 791 Trillion (US$), only second to the European Union and the United States. (CIA Fact book 2010) This figure can be put into perspective however when analyzing GDP per capita where China places 128th worldwide with only $6,500 (US$), a figure which has been improving throughout the years. Although china is one of the fastest developing countries in the world, its’ government still faces several challenges including reducing corruption, sustaining adequate job growth rates and environmental concerns such as pollution. In addition, China has long been perceived by other nations as a country not up code regarding certain policies such as human rights and intellectual property rights. However, their inclusion into the World Trade Organization in 2001 has vastly improved their global standing and many joint and domestic initiatives have been undertaken to improve the perception of China globally. Rationale for Choosing China There were several key reasons for choosing China as our target market. China’s vast population was an influence because it provided a large potential consumer base. Another reason is the large demand for beer which continues to grow as middle and upper class income levels continue to rise in the country (Datamonitor 2004). In addition, several international beer brands have not managed to effectively penetrate the Chinese market. Therefore, if an international beer company in china survives an initial tough few years, it has the potential to make significant profits going forward. The beer industry in China will be analyzed in more detail in the following sections. Other important reasons for the selection of China was that its’ healthy trade relations with Canada throughout the years. China is Canada’s 2nd largest trading partner, only second to the United States of America with bilateral trade between China and Canada reaching over $50 billion(CAN) in 2009 (Statscan, 2010). Finally, notion that China is the fastest growing nation in the world and is predicted to be the world’s largest economy by 2025 had a significant impact on our selection. (Foreign affairs and international trade Canada, 2005) (See Appendix A) Environment of the Beer Industry in China â€Å"China is one of the world’s largest alcohol producers in the world and in the next few years it is expected to go surpass the United States as the largest alcohol producer in the world† (Newman, Ian 2006). China has a very large beer market worth around $6. 154 billion (USD$) and produced more than 26,244 million litres in 2004 (Datamonitor 2004). Both of these figures are significant increases from the previous year 2003. For the majority of brewers around the world, the Chinese beer market is too large to ignore and at times, too hard to grasp because of its complicity. China is viewed as the next big opportunity in the beer industry because its large population and its high economic growth is unmatchable elsewhere. However, many international brewers have failed to penetrate the Chinese beer market. This could be due to unfamiliar market dynamics and the presence of too many domestic beer brands in the Chinese market. Although many international brands have failed, some like SAB Miller have succeeded. It is believed that focus on quality brands and long term entry plans were contributors to the success companies like SAB Miller have had in the Chinese market. Some of the leading brewers in China include Tsingato brewery, SAB Miller, Fosters Group Limited and Noble China Inc. (Datamonitor 2004) Threats and Opportunities Having looked at the general environment of the beer industry in China, our focus will now shift to the threats and opportunities in the market. First, one of the main threats is the other large beer companies and breweries that we are going to be competing with, both domestic and international. Chinese domestic beer accounts for a large percentage of consumption in the country, and as an international product, we will be facing stiff competition from other international companies already present in the market. A less concerning threat is that the older demographics in China prefer to drink more wine than they do beer. This however is contrasted by the increasing popularity of beer in the nation. The biggest opportunity is the fact that the China has largest population in the world and also that it is the world’s fastest growing country. Another opportunity is that there is steady growth rate predicted in the next few years for the beer industry (Datamonitor 2004). Another key opportunity is that Chinese consumer’s value taste and reputation in their beverage products, we believe that Molson Canadian can cater to this need with our product implementation. (Industry Digest, 2005) On the technological side, the Chinese market has several domestic brewing companies in the nation. This could be very useful because the technology to produce beer in China is readily available. On the negative side, China incorporates strict restrictions on content through various media. For example, internet censorship is common in the nation, leaving marketers with limited when choosing which type of media to use for marketing purposes (Human Rights Watch, 2006). Socially, alcohol plays an important role in Chinese tradition and Chinese society as a whole. Alcohol is used in a lot of Chinese traditional festivals and celebrations, as well as it is also a very important part of Chinese religions. Alcohol can also be found in traditional Chinese medication and also used for cooking (Newman, Ian 2006). Market Buyer Characteristics Many of the beer buyer characteristics in the Chinese market are similar to those of Canada. First, gender plays a large role in that the majority of beer consumers are males. However, the female segment of the market has steadily continued to increase as china develops further, mainly due to increased spending power of Chinese women. However, this gender bias cannot be overlooked as the female segment of the buyers is very important because in some major cities like Beijing, women make up to around 30% of beer drinkers in the city. Most of the buyers of beer in china are between the age groups of 25 to 44, similar to the demographics found in Canada (Industry Digest, 2005). Another important aspect about buyer behaviour in China is that it varies according to the region or province. The same applies for the beer market in China, for example people from the southern regions of China drink more beer at bars an pubs and banquets whereas people in the northern regions are more likely to drink beer while dining because they believe that it ads flavour to their dining. Also in the south of China the climate is very hot so casual drinking as a means to cool down is common similar to Canada in the summer months. (Industry Digest, 2005) Furthermore, reasons why people buy beer in China are important aspect for marketers. For consumers in China, value and good taste are important characteristics that consumers tend to look for. These qualities of beer products precede the importance of other factors such as price and brand reputation. Brand loyalty to domestic brands is more common in certain locations such as Beijing, but brand loyalty overall in general is not a decisive factor for many consumers in the Chinese beer industry. â€Å"People between the ages of 16 to 44 who live in Guangzhou and shanghai, switch brands on a regular basis† (Industry Digest, 2005). Selection of and Rationale for Chosen Mode of Entry into the Target Country The entry mode that we have chosen for entering into China will be exporting through an import contact that will then use local distributors to sell our product. The reason that we have selected this option is that although there is a huge potential for companies to succeed in the Chinese beer market, there are still many risks of doing business in China. By choosing exporting as our first step, it allows us to reduce financial and investment risks. Many studies have shown that having a good relationship with the Chinese government and business owners is a significantly important factor for foreign companies to success in China (Owen, 2010). Therefore, before moving into further actions such as partnerships and joint ventures, we want to have Molson establish a good working relationship with the Chinese government. At the same time, this entry mode will also give Molson ample time to develop the relationship with potential Chinese partners, as well as get better understanding about the government regulations for foreign ownership of land building resources. Last but not least, comparing this mode of entry to partnerships and joint ventures, exporting requires less finical investment. For example, Molson does not need to build factories or set up mass manufacturing operations right away which will save a significant amount of money right from the get go. In addition, if anything goes wrong initially, this entry mode allows us to withdraw the business from China much easier than if we had already established manufacturing operations in the country. Objectives. Due to the risks that beer companies are facing in expanding into the Chinese market, Molson Canadian wants to move slowly into the Chinese market. In other words, the company wants to test the environment first and then take the necessary steps to further the expansion process. First of all, Molson Canadian will establish the mode of entry which is the exporting strategy, and then the company will choose a well known Chinese beer company such as Tsingtao as our distributor, because this will reduce the uncertainties. While working with Tsingtao, Molson Canadian wants to ensure distribution networks are reaching desired locations for sale of product and look for other possible distributors and partners as well in order to get it prepared for our future development purposes such as joint ventures or partnerships. The next objective that we suggest is gathering forecasting information for potential future margin and feedback from consumers. This step will help us to make sure if the Chinese market is really worth to investing in and develop strong indicators to our customers’ preferences, in order to better serve our customers. During this stage, Molson Canadian will also be able to get more familiarized about the Chinese regulations related to the beer companies, especially for foreign companies. After the completion of this stage, the company will be able to develop plans for future operations based on the information that it has collected from before. If the information does not support the expansion, then Molson Canadian should stop developing, and possibly withdraw the business from China. If everything goes well, the company will pick the right distributors and partners that have been evaluated before to start the joint ventures or partnerships with local Chinese companies. The reason that we decided to do joint ventures or partnership eventually is that based on information from the Euromonitor International, which states by doing a joint venture it will allow foreign companies to gain local market knowledge â€Å"These joint ventures should provide foreign companies with a necessary foothold in the market which can, in the future, be exploited by their own products† (Euromonitor International, 2004). The last objective is to work towards generating steadily increasing profits in the future, which will be in more details in our action plan. Limitations There are also limitations that could affect Molson Canadians entry into the Chinese market. As we mentioned before, the uncertainty of the Chinese market is a huge concern. First of all, the government regulations and standards are different from what we have seen in the North American market. Based on the article written by Owen, issues included the â€Å" Chinese top-down approach to standards and conformance, Openness and transparency, Low confidence in private-sector standards setting and conformity assessment, and Inconsistent implementation creates uncertainty†(Owen, 2010) are all the concerns that Molson needs to pay attention. The second uncertainty is that the intense competition will be created by both local and foreign beers companies in the crowded industry. As represented by Euromonitor International, there are several foreign breweries doing business in this market now. Many of which have found that the market is more difficult to operate than they expected before entering the Chinese market. Problems included comparatively high production costs and a fragmented market, combined with oversupply, has caused a market slowdown which led many companies to cut their prices. Many of the companies have already chosen to exit the market and cut their losses (Euromonitor International, 2004). Criteria In terms of the time frame, we estimated that will take one year to complete the objectives from 1 to 3, which is also considered to be our primary expansion. As mentioned above this includes the establishment of the entry mode- exporting, develop appropriate distribution networks, and collecting forecasting information and feedback from consumers. The secondary expansion includes the envelopment future operating plans such as joint ventures or partnerships; after everything has been created our final goal will be work towards generating steadily increasing profits in the future. We estimated that will take 1 or 2 years to finish framing the joint venture or partnership structure. Segmentation For our segmentation we decided to focus on 5 main demographic criteria’s. We obtained basic secondary data based on the past buying patterns of Chinese and other Asian consumers. From that data, we sorted and decided upon with segments of the market we would test for. We based the selection of the criteria on hypothesis testing and concluded that only traits that that appeared consistently within two standard deviations (95%) of each segment’s sample would be counted; these demographics being on age, region, ethnicity, financial capacity and lifestyle within the 18 – 45 age range. For this analysis we have ranked them in order of popularity and difference in cost relative to other premium beers; from this analysis we have distilled this ranking system. * Molson Canadian Subzero is loved for its flash and fancy appeal * Molson Canadian Lager is popular for its strong distinct flavour * Molson Canadian Light beer is popular for its smoother taste and lack of a strong after taste * Lastly Molson Canadian ‘67 is the least preferred. This is due to the misconception that diet beers are more diluted than regular beers and that consumers are getting less for their money. From our demographic analysis of Chinese consumers of a certain demographic tend to prefer certain tastes to be present in their alcohol and while these preferences are not as potent in affecting purchase decisions as they would be in north America, never the less they are significant to warrant analysis and attention. Characteristic| Characteristic Related| Price| Westernized | Stronger Alcohol| More expensive| Traditional| Smoother Alcohol| Less Expensive| Sichuan | Stronger Alcohol| Less expensive| Han| Smoother Alcohol| Less expensive|. Tibetan| Stronger Alcohol| Less expensive| Southern| Smoother Alcohol| Less expensive| Northern| Stronger Alcohol| More expensive| Old | Stronger Alcohol| average| Young| Smoother Alcohol| Less expensive| (Data Extrapolated from Chinas beer consumption and Barley imports) From our analysis we can conclude that as you move up north and become more westernized the taste for alcohol becomes steadily stronger and that people value alcohol more. We have found that there are many cultural factors that the affect the purchasing characteristics of each segment. Age: Age is a significant factor when incorporating this model, with younger generations preferring relatively cheaper products than the older generation. As China’s socialistic society progress, legislation has greatly altered the spending habits of consumers. Such like the 1 child policy has left a significantly smaller working force to support the country. With most average working couples supporting 3 generations simultaneously (Adams, 2008), this can impact greatly on the decisions regarding the purchase of the luxury items such as premium foreign beer. Region: In regards to region, there are smaller difference in the tastes and spending habits of northerners vs. southerners. While the South has a higher pay-grade than those of the north, historically the south has always been a more crowded and competitive place (Trent, 2009). Thus those living there adapt to have a more conservative outlook in regards to consumption and purchases. Contrary, while the average northerner earns significantly less money they are more likely to spend extra for what they want (Trent, 2009). Also cities along the coast tend to adopt more western ideals than those located on the interior of China. Ethnicity: While china’s population is 87% Han (Doan, 2008) there is a small population of minorities that also live in china. Though living in the same country this minority have significantly different tastes from your average Chinese. These Minorities include Tibetans, Wiggers and Manchus. Lifestyle: Since China has opened its doors to international products and cultures, there have been many Chinese that have adopted a more western-lifestyle. With Western styles often come more western tastes (Qingbin et at, 1998), in contrast to the smoother taste western-styled Chinese prefer a stronger tasting alcohol. Marketing Mix This section presents strategic alternatives that Molson Canadian should take into consideration, recommendation of the suitable alternative and implementation of marketing plan through the use of the controllable elements of marketing mix. Strategic Alternatives There are two strategic alternatives that Molson Canadian can use to expand its beer brand to Chinese consumer market. Molson Canadian can expand its beer brand to Chinese consumer market by exporting its product line on trade or off trade. Alternative 1: The first alternative for Molson Canadian is to export its product line on trade, meaning that their target locations for sale are establishments which serve alcohol. For our product, we want to target specifically high end restaurants, pubs and bars. High end restaurants, pubs and bars would offer high quality products; therefore the best quality beer would also be expected from customers. One of the main strengths of Molson Canadian is that they utilize high quality ingredients as well as a team of brew masters that make sure the beer follows the high quality standards, qualities that Chinese consumers would be drawn to. Additional strengths of Molson Canadian is that it offers product differentiation such as best quality barley and no use of preservatives for its production. Also, the products country image is perceived as good quality product since it is North American which means that the products symbolize Western civilization, status and modernity (Zhou Hui, 2003). A weakness that should be taken into account is that Molson Canadian is not well known in the Chinese market, so it may be difficult to find consumers initially. However, opportunities in Chinese alcohol industry should be considered regarding this matter. For instance, an opportunity encountered is that there is an increasing demand for better tasting and premium products, meaning that premium beer sales will be more likely to increase in upcoming years (Euromonitor International, 2010). Also, another significant opportunity is that as consumers’ disposable incomes increase, consumers will be able to spend on leisure time such as going out to pubs and bars. In fact, there is a strong development of the consumer foodservice market, as well as, an increase of premium beer in forecasted years which accounts for 70% of total value growth from 2008 to 2013 in local currency (Euromonitor International, 2009). In addition to the above points, Chinese consumers are not price sensitive regarding on-trade places, indicating that premium and standard beer will become popular among the consumers (Euromonitor International, 2009). Lastly, a major threat towards this alternative is that the rise of prices for materials such as oil and energy can affect transportation cost. The National Development and Reform Commission (NRDC) had reported a price increase of RMB 1,000 per tonne for oil which is approximately equivalent to US$ 170 in 2008 (Euromonitor International, 2009). This means that there will be a need for adjustments in terms of price of beer to circumvent export costs to China. Alternative 2: The second alternative for Molson Canadian to export in China is to sell its product off trade. For this alternative, Molson Canadian beer should be sold in small grocery stores and/or hypermarkets. In order to better analyze this alternative for better profitability of the company, a mini SWOT analysis should be established. A major strength for this company is that the beer could be sold as standard lager beer to Chinese market with product differentiation. For example, the beer could be differentiated towards its high quality ingredients used in the production such as barley and hops and its high quality control standards. A weakness encountered in this option is that Molson Canadian is not a well known beer brand among Chinese market. An opportunity for selling Molson Canadian beer off trade is that this is main channel of sales accounting for 68% of volume sales in 2008 (Euromonitor International, 2009). Also, small independent grocery stores in rural areas account for 66% of total volume sales in 2008 (Euromonitor International, 2009). However, threats should also be taken into account for this alternative. A major threat there is high competitive market between domestic and foreign beer brands. In fact, the three top companies China Resources Enterprise Co Ltd, Tsingtao Brewery Co Ltd and Beijing Yanjing Brewing Corp accounted for 41% of total volume sales in 2007 (Euromonitor International, 2009). There are also two leading international companies participating in Chinese beer market which are InBev and Anheuser-Busch. Another threat encountered is that consumers are price sensitive towards beer in off trade channels as they have a range of beer selection as well as prices that differ from different brands issues (Euromonitor International, 2009). Recommendation. The best alternative for Molson Canadian is to target on-trade businesses, especially high end restaurants, pubs and bars. The main criterion for choosing this alternative was based on willingness to pay for high priced product. Also, Molson Canadian should consider the high competition with domestic and foreign beer brands in off-trade markets. In order to reach Chinese consumers, we have weighed the pros and cons of this alternative and believe that Molson Canadian would have the best chance for success by initially focusing on selling to high end restaurants, pubs, bars and so on. The first reason for this chosen alternative is that customers will pay for high quality at any price. The customers will pay for a product that provides better taste, healthier and premium packaged products (Euromonitor International, 2010) since their disposable income allows buying better quality products. In fact, according to China Alcoholic Association, beer volume production has increased 6 % in the first half of 2009 (Euromonitor International, 2010). Also, when beer is sold in high end restaurants, its price will be set much higher price than at grocery stores, so Molson Canadian can generate profit using this method. According to Euromonitor International (2010), standard and premium beer account for only 10% of total sales volume, but generate around 50% of total profits in China’s beer sector. One of downsides towards marketing on-trade is that it may be difficult to break into the market since Molson Canadian is not recognized publicly in China. Also, Molson Canadian may face fierce competition in Chinese on-trade markets. For example, Budweiser, Heineken, Tiger, and Carlsberg are the main multinationals that have majority of the premium beer sales on trade. This alternative is preferable to the other option since it provides the means to generate long term profit and on-trade customers will favour buying high quality product as their preferences change. Another reason for choosing this alternative other than off-trade is that grocery stores will offer a variety of beer brands that are cheaper and domestic Chinese brands, therefore consumers will have more general knowledge of the products available to them. Once the strategic alternative is implemented, there will be opportunities and challenges that should be relevant to Molson Canadian. A potential opportunity for Molson Canadian is to introduce Molson Canadian 67 which is a type of beer that contains only 67 calories. This is a significant advantage for this company since Chinese people are becoming more concerned about their health and wellness. In terms of challenges that Molson Canadian may face is that there will be competition within foreign beer brands such as Heineken that could affect Molson Canadian’s profitability. Implementation In order to execute the marketing strategy of exporting Molson Canadian beer to Chinese market in high end restaurants, pubs and bars, the company should consider the 4P’s of the marketing mix. First, the product provided is Molson Canadian lager beer by Molson Coors Brewing Company which is a high quality Canadian brand which Molson Coors will be able to sell its beer as premium brand because of it offers clean, crisp and fresh taste as well as the no use of preservatives. The price for Molson Canadian beer lager is planned to be high since most of target market in China is represented by medium to high income consumers. Consumers in high end restaurants, pubs and bars will able to buy a bottle of Molson Canadian lager beer for more than 20RMB or $3US(Eumonitor International, 2009) since high end restaurants will place their price three times its market price. For the promotional aspect of our product, Molson Canadian attempt to use practices similar to those found in the North American markets. The use of commercials and posters display the refreshing qualities of a Canadian lager beer will be a major focus of the promotional ads. However, unlike the Canadian and American markets where beer commercials incorporate sexual messages to sell their products, ads in China will mirror those of beverage companies already operating in the country. To do this, the sexual appeal found in North American type commercials will be replaced with the quintessential Chinese humor found very often in Chinese advertisements. In addition, another promotional campaign will be launched in China based on the current public relations department knowledge of Molson Coors regarding drinking and driving programs. This program will be shared with the government of China to increase awareness since drink driving is one of major factor causing traffic accidents. In fact,† according to the Ministry of Public Security, the number of road traffic accidents reached 107,193 during the first half of 2009, with the number of fatalities and injuries reaching 29,866 and 128,336 respectively† (Euromonitor International, 2010). This promotional tool will be helpful to reduce barriers that the government may place for Molson Canadian. Finally, another way to promote the beer brand is to provide an event marketing strategy since ‘international sporting, economic and cultural events are strong drivers for beer consumption† (All China Marketing research, 2008). For instance, Molson Canadian can potentially sponsor the 16th Asian Games in China which is taking place from November 12th to 27th, 2010 (Guangzhou Asian Games Organising Committee ,2010). Therefore, this sponsorship will bring brand awareness. Molson Canadian may have a backup plan if the sponsorship does not work out through donating a certain amount of money to the Asian Games event so then there will be also the brand name out there for consumers. A last marketing mix factor is place which could be achieved by utilizing the same distributors of Coors Light to d.