Royal Bank of Canada Case Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2296 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The Royal Bank of Canada experienced some fundamental managerial errors in May 2003. It was reported as a major â€Å"glitch† that had been caused by wrong configuration during the installation process. A simple problem had severely affected the lives of millions of people. In this essay I will discuss the security and control problems such as the simultaneous upgrade of both the main and back-up systems. This will lead into the strategies management could have used to prevent these problems happening in the first place and what they can do differently in future. I will also explain how management neglected the public relations side of the issue which had customers questioning the reliability and stability of Royal Bank of Canada ultimately leading to disloyal customers. Finally this essay will argue how well Royal Bank of Canada responded to the computer software issue and what they should have done differently to prevent the problem and ease the situation once it had happened. From the errors and mistakes made from the Royal Bank of Canada, other banks and industries can learn how to avoid them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Royal Bank of Canada: Case Study" essay for you Create order One such bank in Australia is St George, in depth I will discuss the risks of malfunction or abuse customers may experience when dealing with the information systems with reference to relevant case studies. The Royal Bank of Canada was founded in 1864, and in just over a century had grown its total assets to over $413 Billion, had 60,000 employees and served 12 million customers. The Royal Bank of Canada set the benchmark in its industry and as you would expect was the first bank in Canada to install computer technology. On Monday, May 31, 2004 Royal Bank of Canada information technology staff made a programming upgrade which was designed to significantly improve the banking software. Unfortunately during the installation process, according to Martin Lippert, Royal Bank of Canada’s vice chairman, the glitch in the banks computer systems â€Å"was most likely caused by a single worker entering ‘a relatively small number’ of incorrect codes during the update. † You may ask, â€Å"Where was the security and control to supervise this critical procedure? This basically caused the system to crash, and to make the situation even worse managerial and control procedures that were intended to make fix the problem only exacerbated it. This caused a domino effect in the build up of work which meant the repairs took longer than expected and Royal Bank of Canada was struggling to make up the lost ground. Stakeholders in the Royal Bank of Canada were furious with the inconvenience and we re demanding answers to their problems. The first question most people asked was, â€Å"why weren’t backup systems used to maintain the flow of business operations while the main systems were down? And, â€Å"When was the problem going to be fixed!? † These issues were generated primarily due to the fact that operational control procedures contained fundamental errors. It’s concerning to discover that the CEO, Gordon Nixon and information technology specialists oversaw two fundamental errors. One, the new software should have been carefully tested before the installation process began – a critical flaw in which the organisation failed to pick up on even though its clearly stated in its policy to do so, and two, the upgrade should not have been simultaneously installed on both the main and backup systems. This would have voided the whole situation because the Royal Bank of Canada would still have had their backup system operating in the event of a malfunction. In defence of Royal Bank of Canada they did manage to fix these problems promptly and announced on the 8th on June 2004 that they had resumed normal business practices. However, Royal Bank of Canada came under heavy criticism for the way in which they handled the public relations. The chaos from within the organisation was made transparent to its customers, this made them feel nervous about the stability and security of their finances. In retrospect, I believe that the Royal Bank of Canada should have handled its public relations differently. It shows a lack of integrity and signs of incompetency when promises are not kept and policies are not adhered to. For example, the Royal Bank of Canada had assured that all systems and accounts would be normalised by Thursday, June 3rd. However, people were still experiencing difficulties with their accounts later in the week. The cumulative effect of its errors was widespread. Hundreds of thousands of other workers around Canada ran into similar delays or difficulties accessing their deposits. These people affected may have responded better to the delays had the main figure (George Nixon) of the Royal Bank of Canada been present to make the announcements. Overall the Royal Bank of Canada dealt with the computer glitch reasonably well. It was fixed quickly and effectively. For most customers it was only a matter of not having their account figures displayed at their fingertips which they were so familiar with, and the minority who did struggle, such as a law firm executive assistant by the name of Andrea Mitchell, was forced to ask her employer for a cash advance to make up for her temporarily lost pay check. Following the announcement that the bank had resumed normal business practices, they began the process of clearing up any banking fee errors, and resolved discrepancies from service charges and overdraft interest. They indicated that all accounts should be reflected accurately in customers following statements. To do this accurately RBC hired Crawford Adjusters Canada as its â€Å"administrator for non-banking related costs and losses in the banks processing disruption. The bank made claim forms available, by phone and on the internet and set a deadline of September 30, 2004 for customers to file claims. RBC handled claims under $100, leaving larger claims to Crawford. In addition RBC issued a formal apology and created a segment on their official website dedicated to detailed explanations of the computer problem which was kept updated throughout their progress. RBC also recruited IBM as a consultant to investigate the causes of the problem and provide guidance on how to avoid such problems with future transitions in technology. These precautionary measures, prompt help, and the simple claims to adjust banking errors went a long way in restoring the faith and loyalty between the bank and its customers. Any bank in the world can look at this case study and take something out of it. From an objective view, one obvious lesson to learn is ‘Don’t cut corners’. The Royal Bank of Canada somehow skipped out one critical procedure in the early stages of the upgrade in technology. There was a policy in place that stated â€Å"test the software before its installed. † How management failed to notice this was a basic error. Here’s one lesson Banks in Australia can implement, â€Å"be pedantic about following policies. † Also when dealing with change within an organisation ALWAYS have a backup plan. In the case of RBC they had no backup plan in the case of a malfunction in the computer systems. There are also procedures where RBC proved its competency and excelled in areas such as the great customer service it provided shortly after the commotion such as the website that was devoted to detailed explanations of the problem and updates on the progress of restoring its records. The bank also made claim forms available, by phone and on the internet for customers who had been affected as a result of the disruption or incurred bank fee errors. All Australian Banks can look at this example and derive various lessons, whether it be new security measures or new public relations strategies, all of these lesson’s can ultimately reduce the risk of one such event reoccurring. In conclusion, I believe the Royal Bank of Canada was able to move forward and learnt a lot from their mistakes. The mistakes were obvious and perhaps done out of indolence. The collapse of the banks computer system was caused by an error in the coding during installation. If the policy was adhered to and security procedures were controlled and supervised this fundamental error could have been negated. In connection to this, from a managerial perspective, the flaw of both systems being simultaneously updated should have raised an alarm. This was the second critical error that contributed to the disruption in banking systems. These simple errors in procedures had huge repercussions that should have been overseen by management. However what was done was done. The Royal Bank of Canada had an escalating task on hand to mend the situation. They had to restore the accounts and repair the trust in their customers. In the immediate aftermath, management and staff in general were confused and somewhat lost as to when the systems would be up and running again. It may have been optimistic or just naive to announce all systems and business would resume as normal within three days of the malfunction. In regards to that, this was the only flaw in providing customers with misleading information. Therefore the Royal Bank of Canada in my opinion handled all other areas of customer service reasonably well and was able to provide its customers with the help they needed. * Find and discuss references to Australian banks dealing with the risks of malfunction or abuse of their customer oriented information systems. ANZ employs various security measures to ensure that your transactions and personal information are protected. However, you as a customer can also play a big part in protecting your banking and personal information by looking out for the following; (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Phishing . Phishing is a scam where hackers fish for your personal details by using hoax emails claiming to be from financial institutions. This method continues to be favored by online thieves. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Spyware 2. Spyware is a type of software that covertly collects user information while on the Internet. Viruses and Worms 1. An email vir us is the latest type of computer virus. It is transported through email messages and usually replicates by automatically distributing itself out to all contacts on the victims email address book. 2. A worm is similar to a virus. It exploits computers in a network that contain security holes. Once a security hole is found, the worm will attempt to replicate itself from computer to computer. Like viruses, worms can be equally destructive. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Trojans. 1. Trojan is a destructive program that poses as a harmless application. Unlike viruses, Trojans do not replicate themselves and do not need a host program to attach to. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) ANZ’s goal is to provide its customers with the simplest and most effective banking services possible. The ANZ Fraud Money Back Guarantee means that if you suffer a loss as a result of a fraudulent transaction on your ANZ card, ANZ will credit your account with the amount of the loss provided you: (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). * Didn’t contribute to the loss; and * Have notified ANZ promptly of the fraud. Credit Card Security ANZ credit cards are designed with the latest technology like ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ to help prevent fraud. As youll see below, theres also a wide range of other security measures to help protect your card including micro-chip technology, choice of pen or PIN, Verified by Visa, MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢. â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ worldwide credit card security 24/7 If we notice some unusual purchasing activity on your credit card via ANZ Falconâ„ ¢, well contact you to check that everything is in order. (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Pen or PIN? Authorising your credit card purchase is now a more se cure process with your choice of either a signature or PIN (Personal Identification Number). (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Security chipped cards Micro-chipped cards make it harder for credit card thieves to fraudulently copy your card. â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢ If youre shopping online, you can enable your card with these services that require a password and unique message to authorise purchases. With ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ security, Online shopping guarantee, micro-chip technology, choice of pen or PIN, Verified by Visa, MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢ and ANZ CreditCover PLUS insurance, your ANZ credit card provides you with more protection than ever before. Now you can shop with confidence online, over the counter or over the phone. As you can see there are numerous security measures banks now have to carry out due to the increase in fraudulent behaviour. It’s not necessarily people who have become more deceitful it’s just that developing technology makes it so easy for fraud and con artists. This is why banks are always developing new security measures to keep one step ahead. (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Word Count: 1871 Bibliography 1) ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad. URL: https://www. anz. com/auxiliary/security-centre/fraud-security-centre/fraud-squad/. ) â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats† URL: https://www. anz. com/auxiliary/security-centre/fraud-security-centre/protect-yourself/identifying-fraud/internet-fraud/ 3) â€Å"Royal Bank of Canada’s Software Woes Case Study† URL: https://www. pearsoneducation. nl/Laudon_9/pdf/E%20Case%20h9. pdf 4) Personal Banking Services RBC Royal Bank. URL: https://www. rbcroyalbank. com/personal. html. 5) â€Å"2008, Royal Ba nk Of Canada Annual Report† URL: https://www. rbc. com/investorrelations/pdf/ar_2008_e. pdf 6) Ian Austen, â€Å"Bank Software Woes Leave Many Canadians Without Money,† New York Times, June 7, 2004; 7) â€Å"RBC Admits Human Error, Scam Artists Act,† Ottawa Business Journal, June 10, 2004; 8) Lindsay Bruce, â€Å"RBC Glitch Still Not Ironed Out,† ITWorldCanada. com, June 7, 2004; 9) Chris Conrath, â€Å"Anatomy of a Snafu,† ITWorldCanada. com, June 11, 2004; 10) Paul Waldie, â€Å"RBC Calls in Help,† Globe and Mail, www. theglobeandmail. com , accessed June 19, 2004; 11) Mel Duvall, â€Å"RBC’s Account Imbalance,† Baseline Magazine, July 1, 2004; and CP, â€Å"RBC Still Making Up for Glitch,† London Free Press, www. canoe. ca , accessed June 19, 2004.

Procrastination Essay - 1141 Words

Procrastination nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. Procrastination has a high potential for painful consequences. It may interfere with our personal or academic success. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; There are those of us who wait until the due date is a day away. I am not talking about making sure the money is in the bank. I am talking about putting it off because it is a tedious chore that we do not enjoy doing. Procrastination is a big problem for many, and one that can harm your career. Whether your procrastination causes you to arrive late at work or late for meetings, or keeps you from turning projects in on time, employers do not look positively upon it†¦show more content†¦If this is the case, begin at the beginning, with the first segment, and do it extraordinarily well. But only strive for perfection where it counts. The rest of the time, just do it. Remember, the next time youre procrastinating and cant seem to overcome it, stop and figure out why. Is the task even worth doing? If so, pick the appropriate solution based upon the root cause and youll whittle away those piles in no time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Also procrastination can be stopped if you recognize self-defeating problems such as fear and anxiety, difficulty concentrating, poor time management, indecisiveness and perfectionism. Identify your own goals, strengths and weaknesses, values and priorities. Compare your actions with the values you feel you have. Are your values consistent with your actions? Discipline yourself to use time wisely: Set priorities. Study in small blocks instead of long time periods. For example, you will accomplish more if you study/work in 60 minute blocks and take frequent 10 minute breaks in between, than if you study/work for 2-3 hours straight, with no breaks. Reward yourself after you complete a task. Motivate yourself to study: Dwell on success, not on failure. Try to study in small groups. Break large assignments into small tasks. Keep a reminder schedule and checklist. Set realistic goals. Modify your environment: Eliminate or minimize noise/ distraction. Ensure adequate lighting. Have necessary equipment at hand.Show MoreRelatedProcrastination : The Problem Of Procrastination Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesMany people believe that procrastination is derived completely from laziness but the culprit could be multiple things, including perfectionism. This can become a huge problem for perfectionists, especially perfectionist students. They most lik ely will overthink projects and put off getting started because they’re afraid they won’t be able to make them as perfect as they want them to be. Luckily this is a common issue among students and there are many different techniques to cope with it. StudentsRead MoreProcrastination And Procrastination Is Not My Problem Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of procrastination the first word that comes to most of our minds is lazy. Laziness and procrastination seem to go hand in hand and often procrastination is caused by us simply being lazy. However, procrastination is a chronic and constant problem for many of us and while some of us may also be chronically lazy as well, most of us aren’t. I am, unfortunately, a person that battles procrastination and I can say that laziness is usually not my problem. I believe that procrastination comes downRead More Procrastination Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesto stay committed to doing so because I am a procrastinator. Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢ve gotten some help with my procrastination from various web sites. That’s why this evening I would like to talk to you about three important aspects of procrastination. These include the reasons for procrastinating, some symptoms of procrastination, and how to cure procrastination, but first, let me explain what procrastination is. Procrastination, though not officially classified as such, is a complex psychological behavior that affectsRead MorePerfectionism And Procrastination919 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Procrastination is a common form of self-regulatory failure with substantive connections† where the tendency is to put off tasks. (Steel, Farrari, 2013) Perfectionism is when one sets very high expectations often in an â€Å"overly critical manner† (Frost, Marten, Lahart,Rosenblate,1990). There’s two types of perfectionism, adaptive and maladaptive where adaptive components are beneficial to the situational and maladaptive components will be detrimental to the individual. 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It can have beneficial impact on how you take pressure, or how well you can act when time is limited. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Procrastination is something that you don’t naturally haveRead More Procrastination Essay526 Words   |  3 PagesProcrastination Procrastination is the act or habits of putting things off till the end out of laziness. Almost every student knows this dreaded word. They know if it becomes a habit, disaster happens with a sharp decline in school grades. But what they don’t realize is that procrastinating can actually benefit you in school. It can make you work harder, faster, and more efficiently on school assignments. Even life skills in the real world can be created from procrastinating. Procrastination canRead MoreProcrastination Research2781 Words   |  12 Pages Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement Luciano, Kristel Joy A. 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With my eyes heavy and my mind racing back and forth between my laptop screen andRead MoreThe Negative Influences Of Procrastination1344 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Influences of Procrastination We’ve all had a paper due on a Wednesday that we had known about for the past two weeks, but for some unknown and involuntary reason, we choose to save it for a Tuesday evening, which turns into a Wednesday morning as we frantically work to finish an assignment we probably could have finished in class over a couple of days. We may have been preoccupied those couple of weeks, with a job, or sports; maybe even putting together a fundraiser of some sort. Or maybe

Cross Cultural Field Experience Free Essays

Cross cultural experiences can be defined in many different ways. Some people view these experiences as a way to interact with individuals who are diverse, often experiencing things one would not typically experience within their own culture. A cross cultural experience allows someone to share within another’s culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Field Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now These experiences can enrich the lives of those who participate by offering experience, knowledge, patience and an understanding into ones culture. Jesus Power Assembly of God I had the pleasure of attending a Sunday worship session on June 2, 2013 at Jesus Power Assembly of God. This church is a bible based and primarily immigrant church located in Columbus, Ohio and founded by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah. Reverend Akomeah is the Senior Pastor of Jesus Power Assembly of God church. He has planted four other Assemblies of God churches in Cincinnati and Georgia. He has also created French and Swahili speaking churches. First Impressions My daughter arranged this visit for us since she has a friend that attends the church. As soon as my daughter and I pulled into the parking lot I realized that this was going to be cultural experience for us. We were the only people in the whole church that were not dark skinned. We were starred at. There were whispers behind our backs. We were approached almost immediately by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah with welcome arms. I am sure he was wondering how we ended up finding our way into his church as the first thing he asked was if we were invited by a member. Hailey and I found our way into the sanctuary and took a seat in the back. Truthfully I wanted to make sure I could make a break if we needed to. The music and the singing were phenomenal! There was a choir and a band and there wasn’t anyone sitting in their seats. All were up and praising the word of God. The singing went on for a good amount of time before we actually started the sermon. The people were friendly and welcoming. We were approached several times and encouraged to move up closer to the front of the church. Many people came by and shook our hands and spoke to us. In fact, I actually felt more important and â€Å"loved† at this particular church than I have ever felt at any other church I have attended. The Sermon The sermon itself was given in both English and Swahili. The church has large screens in which the words to the sermon were put on so that people could follow along. It was an active service. I was especially surprised at the events for the day. The service started at 10 am with an opening prayer. There was praise and worship for 45 minutes which consisted of a combination of singing and talking. For about 10 minutes following the initial sermon there was time set aside for the welcoming of visitors. Each person took the microphone and said their names and identified how they came into the church. Hailey and I declined to take the microphone and all were understanding and sympathetic. Following the introductions of visitors, there were announcements for the church, more songs and music. The Pastor took the stage at about 11:15 with the sermon for the day. The sermon lasted for about an hour and a half. This was an extremely long service compared to what I am used to at a typical church service. When the sermon was completed there was an additional hour of praying, singing and the passing of the offering plate. The entire service from start to finish was 3 hours long! The one thing that was surprising to me was the difference in the length of the service compared to what I have experienced in the past. The longest service I have ever been a part of was an hour, at the most. These people spent almost the entire day together. Once the service was completed they went into another room in the basement and had a huge spread of food they shared. Church to this group of people was a family event. They prayed together, sang together and broke bread together. There is a clear difference between a Swahili service and a Lutheran or Christian service. Conclusion This experience was an emotional and eye opening event for me. I was able to share in another cultures religious experience and the group welcomed me with open arms. Sharing this experience with my teenage daughter was a valuable lesson for her as well. Although I have always raised my daughter to be accepting of all people regardless of color, religion or culture, she was able to immerse herself in another’s culture and see what it was like. How to cite Cross Cultural Field Experience, Papers

Scores and Gaining Self-awareness free essay sample

Be spontaneous. Be honest. Be creative. Most of all dive deep!! Self- assessment results: Developing emotional intelligence: 84 Discovering self-motivation: 71 Accepting personal responsibility: 63 Believing in myself: 62 Adopting lifelong learning: 50 Mastering self-management: 52 Gaining self-awareness: 48 Employing interdependence: 40 By doing the self-assessment, I learned that my scores are pretty accurate to my personality. I am happy with my two highest scores because it tells me I am strong in those areas. I know what works for me to become a successful individual. As for my two lowest scores I completely agree with the results that came out to be. I need to strive for success and be more open when asking for help and meeting other people. Score : Developing emotional intelligence My score came out to be 84. I scored high in this area because I strongly believe I have always been the type of person to put my mind in something I wanted to accomplish. We will write a custom essay sample on Scores and Gaining Self-awareness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I like to think positive about situations because I feel like if I dont then negativity can strive its way through and I will fail to succeed for worrying too much. Score #2: Discovering self-motivation My score in this area came out to be 71 . This is my second highest score I feel like this fits en very well because self-motivation is a big deal for me I like to commit to myself and go beyond then what is asked for. I like being motivated to conquer higher obstacles Score #7: Gaining self-awareness My score for this area resulted 48. I am a person that is aware of my own strengths and weaknesses. I feel like I can analyze my own character and personality but I have struggled too sometimes. Score # 8: Employing interdependence My score for this area came out to be 40. I scored low in this area because I strongly agree that I am a type of person who is too shy to ask for any type of help. I feel like I drown in a cup of water because I intend to do things on my own, not because I am Ewing selfish but because I struggle to understand things and then become shy to get help. By doing this self-assessment, I also learned some things I need to work on for myself. Opening myself to help when I need it motivate myself in getting out of my shell. I look to the positive side and believe that I can succeed. I will work on my weaknesses and then I will retake this self-assessment and hopefully get higher results on my weakness points and hopefully get the title of accomplishment.

Remember Who You Are free essay sample

Exquisite discusses the fact that women do so much more then men. In Suitcases first passage labeled Give up the quest for perfection and shoot for five good minutes In a row, she discusses the fact that when women do In actual fact more work then men that they dont get the credit they deserve. Gullets also talks about how she would pressure her self Into losing weight, and at the end of her college education at the University of Michigan she gained weight.Then she went commented about how big she got and ridiculed her self by saying AD my college education cost my parents a thousands dollars a pound. (71). In Suitcases second passage labeled Remember what you love, Exquisite talks about her family and how considerate and concerned with how others fell about them. First she discusses about how theyre at the Union ordering some coffee. We will write a custom essay sample on Remember Who You Are or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mother wants to take a picture of her and her father, but the father insists on taking the picture because of the mothers terrible picture taking abilities.Then they were both holding up lines so mother Insisted on taking pictures of all the other graduates and their parents, and also getting all their addresses to mall It to them all. Then the father felt even more guilty about what his wife was doing so he went and bought doughnuts for everyone In line. Then to top It all off the mother was so concerned with mess left by all doughnuts that were eaten she went to the back in the kitchen and grabbed a broom to start sweeping up all of the crumbs. Then so Exquisite was getting really fed up with all of it.Then she begins to discuss about how she really doesnt have many friends, and how them you can count on some you cant. Then she discuses a little about school, and how she became a writer because of the class she took about one of her favorite books Ulysses. Then at the end she lightens up a little and talks about enjoy college to the fullest and pick the classes -2- that youre interested In. In Gullets third passage called If you want something to change, do something different she discuses the problems with world, and could probably implying about everything but there Is really nothing she could do about It. Exquisite also mentions in this passage it is hard to make changes because of the fear that if we change, something might be different. (74) which is very true. Most people are afraid of making changes, and sometimes change can be good or bad. In Suitcases fourth passage Let yourself regenerate every four years she discusses about to never forget about the past, but to always move forward passed all obstacles that are thrown your way.So never forget where you come from, the people that have inspired you, and the obstacles youve overcome. In conclusion Cathy Exquisite didnt have a very pleasant life growing up. About how women do more than men, but yet men get more credit for what they do. How to deal with your parents even when theyre pain, and Just accept who they are. Changes In the world are sometimes all right and that bad for the community, so Just try to accept the changes rather than to completely neglect them. Finally no matter In your life.

Divergent Evolution

Divergent Evolution The definition of evolution is a change in a population of a species over time. There are many different ways that evolution can happen in a population including both artificial selection and natural selection. The evolutionary path a species takes can also differ depending on the environment and other biological factors. One of these paths of macroevolution is called divergent evolution. In divergent evolution, a single species interbreeds, either through natural means or artificially chosen traits and selective breeding, and then that species begins to branch off and become a different species. Over time as the two new different species continues to evolve, they become less and less similar. In other words, they have diverged. Divergent evolution is a type of macroevolution that creates more diversity in species in the biosphere. Catalysts Sometimes, divergent evolution occurs through chance happenings over time. Other cases of divergent evolution become necessary for survival in a changing environment. Some circumstances that can drive divergent evolution include natural disasters like volcanoes, weather phenomena, the spread of disease, or an overall climate change in an area in which the species lives. These changes make it necessary for the species to adapt and change in order to survive. Natural selection will select the trait that is more beneficial for the species survival. Adaptive Radiation The term adaptive radiation is also sometimes used interchangeably with divergent evolution. However, most science textbooks agree that adaptive radiation is focused more on the microevolution of a rapidly reproducing population. Adaptive radiation may lead to divergent evolution over time as the new species become less similar, or diverge, in different directions on the tree of life. While it is a very fast type of speciation, divergent evolution generally takes more time. Once a species has diverged via adaptive radiation or another microevolutionary process, divergent evolution will occur more quickly if there is some sort of physical barrier or a reproductive or biological difference that keeps the populations from interbreeding once again. Over time, significant differences and adaptations can add up and make it impossible for the populations to ever interbreed again. This may be caused by a change in chromosome number or as simple as incompatible reproduction cycles. An example of adaptive radiation that led to divergent evolution is Charles Darwins finches. Even though their overall appearances seemed to be similar and were clearly descendants of the same common ancestor, they did have different beak shapes and were no longer able to interbreed in nature. This lack of interbreeding and the different niches the finches had filled on the Galapagos Islands led the populations to become less and less similar over time. Forelimbs Perhaps an even more illustrative example of divergent evolution in the history of life on Earth is the forelimbs of mammals. Even though whales, cats, humans, and bats all are very different morphologically and in the niches they fill in their environments, the bones of the forelimbs of these different species are a great example of divergent evolution. Whales, cats, humans, and bats clearly cannot interbreed and are very different species, but the similar bone structure in the forelimbs indicate they once diverged from a common ancestor. Mammals are an example of divergent evolution because they became very dissimilar over a long period of time, yet still retain similar structures that indicate they are related somewhere on the tree of life. The diversity of species on Earth has increased over time, not counting the periods in the history of life where mass extinctions occurred. This is, in part, a direct result of adaptive radiation and also divergent evolution. Divergent evolution continues to work on the current species on Earth and leading to even more macroevolution and speciation.

Ethics of Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics of Euthanasia - Essay Example This is because it defines the extent to which institutional leaders and the political class are trusted to act with the interest of the public. This trust defines the public expectations on its government. Therefore, the public form an attitude based on the values and expectations they have from their government. A government that operates without integrity will have its citizens have a negative attitude from it and as such decline their support for any programs intended by the government or even their policies will be suspected and feared. Additionally, Trust promotes development (Frederickson, & Ghere, 2013). This is because trust in the institutions is critical for the success of most government policies, programs and other regulations that the citizens should cooperate and comply with. Governments and institutional policies are thus supposed to be made in a process that is conducive to trust. The strength of the institutions is determined but the process of policy making and as such translates to the public trust in the governments. The public trust gives the government ease of policy making and enforcement because the public attitude is good about the government and it policies. Moreover, trust is very essential all for the key economic activities especially finance (Haggard, & Tiede, 2011). Trust will ensure an increased confidence of the investors as well as that of consumers. There is need for implementation of open government policies that involve partnerships with the private sector and even the civil societies. The increased investor confidence due to this openness will result in to good investments that would translate to the overall growth of the economy. Lack of integrity on the other hand will result in to the loss of public trust in the government and its institutions. This will scare away investors, consumers will not have the confidence in the same and this will result in stagnation of economic growth. Finally, the most important

The mad cow disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

The mad cow disease - Research Paper Example It was further determined that vCJD was caused when the individual was exposed to BSE (Collinge, 1997). Mad cow disease eventually resulted in significant financial loss to farmers as approximately 5 million cows were killed in Europe to prevent the spread of BSE. In the meantime, 150 deaths were linked to BSE (Robinson, 2005). Other measures taken were the ban on MBM feed although it was not uniformly enforced across Britain (Stevenson, Morris, Lawson, et al., 2005). It therefore appears that mad cow disease was inadequately regulated amidst significant uncertainties, risk to life and health and the financial losses to farmers. Prior to the emergence of information that human who had consumed contaminated meat had succumbed to vCJD, the government had been adamant that British beef was safe to consume (Millstone & Zwanenberg, 2002). The public was said to be left to self-regulate and in this meant assessing the risks for themselves (Jasanoff, 1997). The BSE scare exposed the weaknesses of national food safety laws which were primarily regulated on an ad hoc basis (Vos, 2000). In this regard, the EU implemented a framework for institutional reform for the regulation of food safety across the EU. National governments also reformed the way in which they gathered and publicized information about food safety (Millstone & Zwanenberg, 2002). The purpose of this research study is to identify how mad cow disease is and should be regulated. This research study therefore examines the national laws of countries effected by the mad cow disease during the scare and the emerging laws developed by various countries in response to the mad cow disease scare. In order to determine whether the laws as they are now, compared to how they were during the scare are adequate, it is necessary to establish the historical and clinical facts surrounding mad cow disease and the scare. If the law is

Personal Statement Adjust(including) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal Statement Adjust(including) - Essay Example Moreover, different forms of communication and technology has massive effects on communication. As such, communication is a diverse topic with numerous applications. Hence, I chose to major in communication with an aim of understanding all the dynamics and detail that relate to communication. I plan to enable easier flow of communication between different persons. Nevertheless, I have a personal experience on communication that motivated to major in this subject. When I was studying in high school in Hong Kong, my tutor asked me to do a project on environmental sustainability. We additionally established a group to handle the project that required us to participate, discuss, and more so communicate to achieve required results. Sadly, we had poor communication skills and thus we rarely talked and thus cooperation was very dismal. Although some group members would communicate effectively, others would not communicate and therefore opted to stay on the periphery as others did the projec t. Others chose to do the project alone and later compare the results with others who equally did it individually. In the end, we chose to present the best individual project as the groups’ final product. ... Hence, it is factual that communication serves as a bridge to better understanding. Actually, if we communicated well in carrying out the project, we would have done a better job. Luckily, I have had various opportunities to improve my communication skills. I was the spokesperson of our high school student association in high school, which allowed me to have numerous opportunities to speak in front of a large group of people. Indeed, when I was giving my first public address in front of a thousand of students serves as a memorable experience. I realized from these public forums that I should learn to communicate with the audience by attracting their attention and analyzing what they want to hear instead of reading my notes words by words while addressing them. Furthermore, in an experience that extended my knowledge and experience on communication, I worked as salesperson in an electronic component-selling firm in Hong Kong during the summer holidays. Assuredly, communication is one of the biggest factors in business success. Indeed, communication facilitates business operations and promotes efficiency in a business setup. As such, when I started working at the company, I conveniently expanded my communication skills and learnt how good communication benefits the company. Actually, there was frequent communication from the management to the employees and from the employees to the customers. Hence, I learnt that every company has a communication culture, communication channel, and the communication language. Additionally, I learnt that communication follows a complete chain and any break points would lead to ineffectiveness. Most significantly, is the fact that the company seeks to establish an effective communication system for

The Issue Of Handphone In School English Language Essay

The Issue Of Handphone In School English Language Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Handphone has become indispensable gadget, an absolute necessity for both adults and children. Like every other invention of man, whether or not to allo the use of handphones in Malaysian schools is not an easy yes-or- no issue. This is the dilemma of the authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If properly used, the handphone can bring more benefits than harm especially to children. When television first made its debut in the 1960s, everybody imagined that it would have a negative effect on children. Parents fret over their childrens addiction to the idiot box and the neglect of their studies. Their fears were unfounded as they soon found that if strictly contolled, the television was as harmless as the radio or the gramophone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In more recent times, the same anxiety greeted the advent of computers, especially the Internet. Today, the Internet has becomean essential tool and we cannot imagine a life without computers. Like the computers, the handphone has many advantages, while an abuse of it can have disastrous results. Handphones are useful tools of communication. Parents and children can keep in touch with each other and any last mintue change of plans can be conveyed easily without any trouble to either party. Some children however, cite this as a loss of privacy as parents will have a 24-hour access to their children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents say the handphone is more than a convenience-it is an essential item that can function as a tracker divece. With it they can monitor their children and check on their whereabouts via satelite. Thus, from whereevr they are, paretns can ensure the safety of thier children and avoid incidents like kidnapping and such crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education Ministry officials, school authorities and many parents believe that allowing handphones in schools would only widen the disparity between the haves and the have-nots among students. Handphones come in a variety of shapes, colours and function:from generic ones to highly sophisticated ones that double up as camers, video cameras and palm tops. Not every child in school comes from middle or upper class families that can afford to buy each child a handphone. The self esteem of children who do not own a handphone or who possess a basic one wii be affected. Low esteem among students would cause a rift among children. Cliques, jealousy and rivalry would result. This unhealthy situation should not be nurtured in a school. Instea, the school environment should promote equal opprotunities and equal treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason for the strong outcry against allowing studentsto bring handphones to school is the distraction it poses. SMSes, games and ringing tones are some of the distractors that take the students attention away from the lesson. Children being children will not be able to resist the temptation of answering calls and sending messages when they should be listening to the teacher or classes, the games available on the phone is something the students would resort to after classes to overcome boredom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from diverting students attention, the handphones can threathen the validity of school examinations. Students may cheat durin examinations via text messages. Information or answers can be passed from one student to the next while examiners may be totally oblivious of the cheating that happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, even adults find it hard to exercise social etiquette and discretion in the use of handphones, therefore children cannot be expected to do any better. Despite explicit messages in movies threatres, at meetings and at formal meetings, we still hear phones ringing away. School administrators and discipline teachers would find it difficult to to effectively prohibit students from using their phones during lessons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If Ministry of Education lifts the ban on handphones, schools may come up with new rules or guidelines to control the use of the handphone. Inevitably, teacher will be burdened with the task of monitoring the use and misuse of the handphone. All this is additional stress for teachers who are already loaded with heavy responsibilities. The Malaysian school system has thrived so far even with handphones being banned from schools. Why sudden change of heart? http://ngkwdaniel.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!61F13D5E0ECD31F0!521.entry Cell Phones at School: Should They Be Allowed? by Maya Cohen The question of whether cell phones should be allowed in schools has been hotly debated over the years. Most school administrations regard cell phone use as disruptive and distracting, and have implemented policies that prohibit using them on school grounds. There are benefits to giving your kids cell phones for use outside of school, but before you add them to your family plan, read the pros and cons: The Pros You can be in touch with your children, and know their whereabouts. Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency, and vice versa. If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical provider. Phones can be silenced during class or study periods, and active only in appropriate places. Cell phones create a convenience that was previously unavailable. With cell phones, you can easily reach your kids for any reason: to ask them questions, change plans, or to simply say hello. The Cons Students often forget to turn off their phones in class, and ringing noises or text-message alerts disrupt learning. Even if set to silent, cell phones can still cause distraction, since text messaging has become a high-tech method of passing notes in school. Students have been known to use cell phones to call in bomb threats to schools, to avoid or condense class time. In the event of a widespread crisis, rampant cell phone use can overload communication systems and render them inoperable. Student cell phone networks add to the spread of rumors and misinformation, which can be harmful during a widespread crisis. Phones can be used as cheating devices during exams. The long-term physical effects of cell phone use are still undetermined. There are compelling arguments on both sides of the debate, and both enthusiasts and critics make convincing points. What do you think? Take our poll: POLL: Should schools allow cell phones? In fact, the real decision regarding cell phones lies with parents. Short of checking each and every backpack, school officials can only enforce cell phone bans if they catch a student with a prohibited device. Would you allow your child to bring a cell phone to school? Share your opinion in our poll: http://life.familyeducation.com/cellular-telephones/school/51264.html By MALLIKA VASUGI WHEN initial reports about students being allowed to use handphones in schools were first released, many teachers were incredulous.    There were already enough problems in schools where the ruling against handphones was strictly enforced. With the lifting of the ban, all hell was bound to break loose.    We shuddered in our staff rooms, imagining the consequences.    It was a great relief therefore when the announcement to renew the handphone ban came shortly after that although there were a few raised eyebrows and wry comments passed about the now its on-now its off thing.    During the period between the first and second announcements, many letters to the editor were written and opinions given about the ruling both in favour of, and against, the bringing of handphones to schools.    While teachers were generally opposed to the idea, some parents were pleased.    Times have changed, one parent wrote. We need to keep in touch with our children. How else will they reach us in case of emergencies?    http://thestar.com.my/archives/2006/2/5/education/09cartoon.jpg One colleague remarked, The way some parents go on, you would think their offspring came into the world clutching handphones to their ears.    Many teachers laughed quietly when further restrictions on the use of the handphone were outlined.    Only during break time, in the canteen or school compound, not during lessons.    As teachers smack in the middle of this issue, with first-hand knowledge of the problems caused by handphones despite school rules against it, it is difficult not to be sceptical. Besides being an effective examination cheating tool and major distraction during the teaching-learning process, handphone text messages have also replaced the classic love-letter to the girl in the last row.    Thats an understatement, said another friend who is the discipline master in his school.    Remember the old school boy trick of yesteryear involving strategically placed pencil-sharpener mirrors. Just imagine what they can do with camera-phones these days.    And do you know what the worst part is?    Some of the models in the lewd, almost pornographic, camera-phone shots are our students. Makes you wonder what the root of all this moral decadence is, doesnt it?    Of course banning the handphone in schools does not mean all these problems are going to be solved. Cheaters will still cheat and inappropriate behaviour in girl-boy relationships will still continue.    Besides, asked another parent, Wouldnt it be unfair to students who genuinely need to have the handphone with them? What about kids with medical problems who need to be in constant contact with their parents?    School administrators have never been unaware of this situation and for that reason, there are always teachers on duty everyday to deal with emergencies such as sending students home, to the hospital, contacting parents and so on.    Some schools I know even allow students to bring their handphones to school but they have to turn the phones in to the school authorities throughout the school session.    You know what really amazes me? said my discipline teacher friend.    Every time we conduct a spot-check and confiscate handphones, parents who have never attended any school function, never turned up on open day to check on their childs progress throughout the school year, are at the school office within half an hour of notification, pleading with us to return the handphones to their children.    Another point brought up by the no handphones in school proponents was the possible feelings of resentment, envy or even feelings of inferiority which may arise when students begin comparing handphone models in schools.    Like most of our material possessions that start out as needs, handphones have become a sort of status symbol for some.    Parents know this when their teenagers tearfully plead for the over RM1,000 model that every other kid has.    Imagine a kid who applies for the Textbook Loan Scheme because his father earns less than RM1,000 a month, sitting next to a student flashing the latest Nokia N90 which cost his dad RM2,500.    Most of us teachers especially, are glad that the issue is finally settled and the ban remains effective.    But we know some of the negative comments that are bound to be made by those less satisfied with the ruling.    Teachers should not blame handphones for discipline problems.    It is the teachers job to ensure students pay attention in class and do not play with handphones. Teachers should not shirk their responsibilities or pass the buck, and so on and so forth.    I wish someone would teach us teachers how to keep a student awake in class when he has been working part-time until 2am to pay for the luxury items he needs, handphones of course being at the top of the list.    While we are at that, I also wish someone would teach us teachers how to prevent students from using vulgarities in school when they use them all the time at home.    Or tell them it is not okay to cheat although this allows them to get what they want.    Or that it is morally wrong to flash an expensive Samsung D500 in front of another kid whose parents cannot afford to give him lunch money.    http://www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/2/5/20060205000212sec=cover%20story By KAREN CHAPMAN PETALING JAYA: The Education Ministrys decision to lift the ban on handphones in schools from this year has generally caused an uproar.    Director General of Education Datuk Dr Ahamad Sipon cited the increasing number of students owning handphones due to cheaper service charges and handsets as the reason for lifting the ban.    Basically, the Education Ministry does not want to prevent the usage of handphones in school. But their use by both teachers and students must be controlled so that the teaching and learning process is not disrupted, he said in a circular.    RING IT IN Yim Pheng Lets not panic unnecessarily with the lifting of the ban. Lets see what happens first. If there are problems as a result of the directive, I am sure the Education Ministry can then review the situation.    Schools should also have their own rules on the matter.    SMK La Salle (Petaling Jaya) principal A Rajenthran I welcome the ministrys lifting of the ban. We allowed students to bring their handphones last year for convenience and security reasons.    Many parents want to be able to contact their children. They also want their children to be able to contact them in case of an emergency.    We set up a process where students who want to bring their handphones can do so, but they have to first register with us.    We cannot run away from the fact that handphones make things extremely convenient these days.    Parent Abu Kadir Abdullah, 49 All of us in the family keep in touch with each other via handphones, so in this ICT (information and communication technology) age, having handphones will help us communicate faster better.    Parent K.K. Wong, 43 In this day and age where both parents are busy working until late in the day they have to depend on the handphone to keep in touch with their children in school. It is no more just a gadget to show off, it has become a necessity.    Many parents can attest to the fact that it has helped them in their lives. School authorities should make sure students help us communicate faster and better.    CALL IT OFF Parent V. Gunasekaran I am really scared for my daughter. Some IT savvy boys may take funny pictures of girls and circulate them through the MMS. The Ministry should have a rethink.    Senior assistant Mary Goh We have a strict ban on handphones. I really dont see a need for students to bring them to school. There are enough public telephones in school and if there is an emergency, they can always use the office telephone.    Although we are very strict, and will confiscate the phones if we catch them with one, some still manage to sneak them into school. Its really not a good idea.    Principal Suzana Ahmad I am concerned because bringing handphones to school will distract students from concentrating on their studies.    Students are here to learn but they may be unable to resist the urge to check their phones for messages every now and then.    After teaching for many years in urban schools, I can tell you that children in these areas can be very sneaky and may put their phones on silent mode in class.    Teacher R. Usha I agree it is not a good move. I am worried about the impact on those who do not have handphones.    Children from wealthier backgrounds may possess state-of-the-art phones while the poorer ones may have something simpler or none at all. This will cause jealousy and may even result in thefts. http://www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/1/12/20060112213741sec=news

sniper :: essays research papers

Quietly walking behind him in a dark alley, I could see him stalk a young schoolgirl. I didn't want my presence to be known. I could see him, fallowing her closely to her house. Right when she opened the front door of her house, he jumped towards her, and pushed her into the house, bolting the door behind him. My suspicions became clear. I knew what had to be done. I broke down the door, and grabbed a nearby coat hanger. (hehe) Scanning the room, I couldn't see anything strange. Making my way around the house, I could faintly hear a muffled scream from upstairs. I ran up, knocking down a vase on accident. (Freaking coat hanger) Breaking down another door (my foot started to hurt after this one) I could see him desperately trying to part her legs. I threw the coat hanger at him, hitting him right in the head. The impact threw him down to the floor, giving her a chance to get out of the room. It was just between us two now. He removed a knife from its sheath, and pointed it at me. I w asn't really ready for this, but I searched my pockets and I found a†¦ lighter. This is going great I thought to myself. He jumped at me, slicing me in the arm. My wound was bleeding very badly, and my arm began to numb. He jumped at me once again, but this time, I grabbed him by the arm and hit him at the elbow. His arm made a sharp cracking noise, and he screamed in pain. I kicked his knee, and another crack noise could be heard. At least now he won't be jumping at me anymore. I pinned him to the floor, and with a flick of my wrist, lighted the lighter. Pointing it towards his eye, I could see his eye slowly deplete its moisture, and in a few seconds, it was nothing more than a raisin. He struck at me again with his left arm, and hit me right below the eye. I fell back at the attack, and he was quickly on top of me, knife at my throat. I burned his other eye and he rolled back with his hand over his eye. I could already see that his eye was beginning to turn gray from the hea t. He threw the knife at me, and I kicked it away.

Interview of Friar Lawrence and Nurse Essay

Judge: John Henry Lawrence enter the dock. Put your hand on the Bible and say after me, I swear to tell the truth, whole truth and nothing but the truth. I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. The Jury are now open to ask you questions, you are bound by the book to keep to the truth. Jury: What was you relationship with Romeo? I have been a great friend of Romeo ever since he was a little boy. He has always trusted me and he told me things he would not have told to anyone else. Romeo respected me and took my advice. I blame myself for his death and I am very sorry. Jury: What part did you play in this tragedy? I tried my best to unite two people who were very much in love. Yes, I did perform the marriage ceremony but I did it in good faith, I never knew what atrocities it would bring about. I also tried to help Romeo and Juliet when they were in trouble. After Romeo was exiled I helped arrange his escape to Mantua, for, you understand it might be possible for them to meet there. When I gave Juliet the drug I thought that I was doing the right thing. She was in a mess, she couldn’t tell her parents so with my knowledge of herbal remedies I supplied her with the draught. She would have taken her own life there and then if I had not. When Romeo was dead and Juliet would not leave him I deserted her. I could have saved her life I know but I was too cowardly to face up to my actions. Jury: What were your motives in this tragedy? I wanted to help a very good friend to be happy and preserve the marriage. I suppose I also hoped that performing this marriage ceremony would help unite the two sides from their conflict. Jury: Whose fault do you think the deaths are? I blame myself more than anyone else. I played the largest part, however, I suppose it would not have happened if there had not been many smaller things contributing. For example, if there had never been a conflict. Nobody was to know that it would end in death. Jury: What part do you think you were to blame for particularly? I was responsible for setting in motion a series of actions that lead to the marriage, the arrangements for the meetings and the drugs for Juliet. I didn’t save Juliet from herself. Judge:John Henry Lawrence please leave the dock. Anne Falton please mount to the dock. Put your hand on the Bible and say after me, I swear to tell the truth, whole truth and nothing but the truth. I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. The Jury are now open to ask you questions, you are bound by the book to keep to the truth. Jury: What was your relationship with Juliet? Well, I was almost like a second mother to her, I was her wet nurse you know, she born at the same time as my daughter Susan who passed away God rest her soul. I have looked after ever since. Juliet was always a very nice young lady never doing anything naughty. I was her closest friend she used to tell me all her secrets but she didn’t tell me her plan before she died. Jury: What part did you play in this tragedy? I knew all the time that Juliet had gone off and married that Romeo, I never knew it would come to this. Romeo was a nice young chap as well. He wasn’t as good-looking or as clever as Paris though, not at all, no! The only other matter I was involved in was organising Romeo’s night with Juliet, that took a lot of organising that did. Jury: What were your motives in this tragedy? All I wanted was to see Juliet happily married with a nice young man. I wouldn’t have been persuaded to take part in this conspiracy but Juliet begged and begged me not to tell his Lordship. Jury: Whose fault do you think the deaths are? Not mine and that’s for sure, I always said that, that Romeo would lead her up to no good, he looked nice and all that but he had a look about him. I think Romeo lead her into it, he always was the bad sort, coming from a Montague family and all that†¦ Jury: What part do you think you were to blame for particularly? It wasn’t anything to do with me, if I had gone to his Lordship about the marriage she’d have killed herself sure as sure, like the good Friar said she was going to†¦ Judge: Anne Falton, leave the dock. The Jury will now leave to come to a decision. 1 hour later: Verdict: Death by Misadventure.

Effect of Technology on Cancer Research

Effect of Technology on Cancer Research Free Online Research Papers When diagnosed with any form of cancer, the worst fear is death due to this horrible disease. Knowing the alternatives in treatment and that discussing these can lead to a strong bond and a fighting chance for the sufferer. Eventhough surgery and radiation are options; other treatments that technology has helped develop for the fight against cancer. These choices are chemotherapy, and immuno/vaccine therapy. Many people diagnosed receive chemotherapy. Drugs are given to fight off cancer and completely kill the cancer cells. During chemotherapy a patient can lose hair as the drugs given affect the fast-growing cells in which is hard to distinguish between the cancer cells or hair follicle. Drugs are also prescribed for the slow-growing cells. Each prescription has a different job and specific time in the life of the cell it targets. Side effects can include low red and white blood cell count, low platelet count, nausea, vomiting, hair loss and fatigue. Although the side effects have become minimal due to advances, and research in the development of the drugs. (AMGEN, 2008) Radiation therapy which is called ionizing radiation is used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. The three types of Radiation Therapy are external radiation, internal therapy, and systemic therapy. For the external therapy x-rays or gamma rays, particle beams, and proton beams are used for treatment. Internal radiation uses stereostactic radio surgery and radiotherapy, high-energy photon radiation, gamma knife and heavy charged particle beams. Treatment depends on the form and spots where the cancer is found, how much is needed, the health and medical history of the patient. The following are being studied to improve external therapy: 3-D conformal radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) along with hyperthermia. (National Cancer Institute, 2004) According to Park (2001) Immuno/vaccine protects against a variety of diseases. This seems to be offering promises as a new phase in cancer treatment although Immuno/Vaccine is still in the young research era. Immuno therapies are involving from certain proteins and white blood cells have now become part of standard cancer treatment. Vaccines have updated the public health. It has been harder to develop vaccines to treat or prevent cancer in patients. Attempts to develop these vaccines have yet to yield proven results, although there has been growing interest created by advances in the areas of immunology and cancer biology. These vaccines have been shown to be capable of improving the immune response against particular antigens. As stated by Park (2001) Idiotype vaccines have been on trial and have been proven to have benefits in some lymphoma patients. In malignant melanoma and was found to stimulate the immune response against the cancer. Having lived with a family member whom was diagnosed and suffered from cancer but lost the battle has made our family research and prays for a cure. With love, understanding and treatments her life was extended. In researching and allowing her to choose her course of treatment with the aide of her doctors. All was aided with the technological advances in chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immuno/vaccine therapy. Baby steps in technology gains the larger steps in the battle. ? References AMGEN. (2008). Easing the Chemotherapy Journey. Retrieved July 28, 2008, from Chemotherapy.com: chemotherapy.com/treating_with_chemo/treating_with_chemo.jsp National Cancer Institute. (2004, August 25). Therapy/Radiation. Retrieved July 28, 2008, from National Cancer Institute: cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet Park, John M., (2001). Immunotherapy Cancer Treatment, Retrieved July 28, 2008, from Cancer Supportive Care Programs: cancersupportivecare.com/immunotherapy.html Research Papers on Effect of Technology on Cancer ResearchGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Fifth HorsemanBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Compare and contrast An angel essays

Compare and contrast An angel essays An Angel at my Table and The Sweet Hereafter: The two movies An Angel at my Table and The Sweet Hereafter tell stories about the trials of being human. They both show the viewer a world that they with any luck do not have first hand knowledge. Though they both talk of the human condition, they do so by using stylistic differences that in their own right pull the viewer into the story. The way that time is manipulated is the most obvious way the two films differ in the way their respective stories are shown to the audience. While Atom Egoyan use time, in The Sweet Hereafter, to alter the way the viewer sees the different characters, while Jane Campion, in An Angel at my Table, uses it so the viewer can feel the hardships the main character has had to endure. The cutting continuity of the films differs greatly and gives each film a distinct tone. The Sweet Hereafters use of time is especially interesting. The film winds through about five different periods. The viewer watches and is sucked in to the story by all that is not known. The viewer is told of an accident long before it is ever shown. They see two scenes of fathers and daughters interacting in ways that do not seem like we are being told the whole story. This keeps the viewer wanting information that will clear up all of these compromising situations in which the characters are immersed. The character that is best shown with this flip flop cutting continuity is Nicole. Nicole is the character that we learn through as the narrator of the pied piper poem. After the accident, we are supposed to see her as the lame boy who could not keep up. We watch as she goes from being the center of her fathers attention to being a way for him to get rich quick. The sequence we see this happen is not linear. One step does not necessarily follow another. We learn of her incestuous relationship after we learn she has survived the accident even though th ...

Pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics Essay

Pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics - Essay Example Pressure groups are essential part of democratic process - they provide a real possibility to influence governmental decisions and transform public views into actions which often assert government to change its policy, but there are also essential lacks: the groups often defend their interests ignoring other sections of population and making misbalance in governmental policy. Pressure groups activity is widely developed in such democratic states as the United States and the United Kingdom. There are differences and similarities of pressure groups activity features in these countries, and the aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the roles played by pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics. The paper will be referred to common trends of U.K. and U.S. pressure groups development, as well as specific organizations and their activities in the both countries. 2. The main difference between U.K. and U.S. pressure groups activities is that there are more such groups in the United States than in the United Kingdom. ... So, pressure groups features in Great Britain are determined by its political system. One more feature of U.K. pressure groups activity is that groups and parties in Great Britain cannot influence governmental policy so much as in the United States because of partial secretiveness of the British political system, and the range of pressure groups is not so widely presented as in the USA with their constitutional and more democratic traditions. Some of the most powerful British sectional pressure groups (groups which present interests of some sections of the population) are the National Union of Teachers, Trades Union Congress, the Confederation of British Industry, the Nation Farmer's Union and some others. There are also promotional pressure groups in U.K. politics. These groups are fighting for real aims, and they can consist as well of small amount of members as great amount. The examples of such groups are Liberty and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), but their influence on British political parties and governmental decisions is limited unlike such groups in U.S. political life. One of the reasons of this situation is that the British government is not so fragmented and decentralized as that of the United States where the policy of federalism is prevailed. So, "in the early 1980s over 250,000 supporters of CND marched in London on several occasions. Despite this show of popular support, CND failed to influence the government's defense policy" (What are promotional pressure groups). As was mentioned before, pressure groups in the political process of the United Kingdom provide wide developing of democratic processes and allow public opinion to be heard. Political parties in Great Britain cannot represent the

MEMO style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MEMO style - Essay Example Therefore, Saturday night is a perfect time for me, and there won’t be any inconveniences. Despite my acceptance of this invitation, I still have some reservations. This is basically because you are not clear on the time, your address, what to wear, and what to bring at this party. In your letter, you just mentioned that the party would occur on Saturday night. This is rather confusing, since I am eager to know at what time exactly would the party start, and the time that the people invited should assemble. This information would help me arrive early, at the venue. Another important issue that emerges is the address. It would be difficult for me, to attend a party, that I don’t know its address. It is therefore prudent that you give us the address ton your house. As this is a swimming/barbecue party, I am also concerned into knowing whether you would provide us with the costumes, or not. This would help me in coming up with a decision on whether to come up with my costumes or not. Furthermore, you failed to tell us on what to carry, in addition to the issues that I have mentioned in this

Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Writing - Essay Example Consequently, from his throne, God watches the inhabitants of the earth. Moreover, in Psalm 139: 7 -10, King David wonders where he can hide or flee from the Spirit of God since He is everywhere; in the sea, heaven, and in Sheol. Further, in Galatians 2: 20, God is supernaturally present in every place and at the same time. Moreover, the Book of 2 Chronicles 7: 2, also asserts the presence of God in the life of every person who believes in Christ (New Jerusalem Bible, 2 Chronicles 7: 2). These biblical evidences prove that God is everywhere and that nobody can hide from Him. The implication of the nature of God being omnipresent shows the greatness of His power. Since he is omnipresent, he is powerful and that is the reason He can exist everywhere and at the same time (Packer 25). Consequently, this feature of God shows that we cannot hide from Him because He sees us every time and in every place as He exists everywhere. For instance, the biblical Noah tried to hide from God but was never successful. Further, because of this attribute, human beings should never fear anything since God is everywhere and keeps watch over His

Determinism and Free

Determinism and Free Will Essay ?What are the implications of determinism for our understanding of free will? Argue your position. There are several implications of determinism that illustrate our understanding of free will. It is a general understanding that we as humans should be free to make our own choices our lives; yet we also understand that events, including human behaviour, may have a prior cause, perhaps due to natural or some other circumstance. This paper aims to identify and present these implications of determinism on free will. Naturally, we are raised in a society where ‘agency’ or the ability to act freely is a given birth right (in most countries anyway), subsequently followed by the self being regulated over time to develop socially acceptable and rational conduct, through autonomy. Already we are able to identify how determinism holds an impact on one’s free will. How can we have true ‘freedom’ and free will to behave as we wish, when it is already determined that the society will live in will regulate our ability to make choices and decisions in life? A fear of determinism on free will is that, if it is true, humans are no longer accountable for the consequences of their actions through their freedom. Hence to say that human reasoning has no influence on the final outcome. This raises further topics to discuss, to investigate what free will/freedom actually is, and whether it truly exists if the decision is pre-determined. The perception of free will is open to interpretation by many philosophers and ordinary people. For the purposes of this discussion, we will maintain that free will is a human’s capacity to make a decision freely and openly for themselves. We must then take in to account the concept of psychological determinism; taking in to account all the elements, which have formed one’s character such as their genetics, childhood, relationships, workplace and social autonomy. When this is in question, it is plausible to say the person may actually not be making a decision from free will, as they are constrained by their biological and social construct in the process. This form of determinism elucidates how one’s understanding of ‘free will’ can be created within the mind (Skinner, 1948) as they would make a choice in a psychological context that they are comfortable with i. e. ‘the right decision’ for them- but that does not necessarily mean that the choice is made freely. What if however, whether or not we are able to choose freely, that certain events are inevitable in our fate as humans, and there may be no alternative outcome? Fatalism is the term is what underpins this concept. The concepts of fatalist approaches such as theological and logical determinism are to be explored further within this paper in relation to their implications to free will. Both concepts however hold a common ground however, where outcomes are not generated from pre-determined events, but emphasise that the outcome will take place regardless of the prior events and therefore, regardless of what choice the human makes. Many theological determinist approaches involve an element of divine knowledge or omnipotence. Most commonly the example of God or a supreme being is used, to uphold that he who is believed to be the creator of all, knows all things timely, as to what will happen as per our fate. This inflicts the understanding of free will, as the individual is left to ponder as to whether they actually have a power to control the resulting outcome from a choice that they make. Boethius (524) referred to this in The Consolation of Philosophy where he outlines the natural trait of humans to be able to act on their will with reasoning, which is independent of chance or any scheduled fate. His idea was that any sort of divine pre-emptive knowledge could co-exist with free will, and does not necessarily have to imply a sense of a determined future. Referring to the above-mentioned concept of logical determinism, we may now factor out any element of religious or omnipotent basis. Logical determinism is important to consider for our understanding of free will, as it sets a true/false premise to an outcome occurring (Taylor, 1963). For example, X will happen tomorrow or not, but if Y happens, the premise is still fulfilled by X not occurring. (Aristotle, 350). Arguably, this can restrict free will. When the outcome is fixed and may occur on probability, free will cannot permit us to change this. Although what is true, will always be true and remain true in the principle of this form of determinism, regardless of whether we know the outcome, can exist a freedom of choice, which potentially leads to the final outcome. It has been enveloped before, if there were some sort of intellect that could calculate everything about the world and the beings in it or ‘condense into a single formula’, we subsequently may be able to predict the future (Laplace, 1814). Yet considering the possibility that an external or unaccountable factor (free will) enters the equation in a sense of randomness (Bohm, 1951), this ‘intellect’ would not be able to be entirely deterministic. Throughout this paper, there has been a focus on the ‘chain’ or sequence of events prior to an event occurring. If these prior actions could be examined and explained, there may be a reason for a certain event to occur. This is referred to as causal determinism, which has emphasis on events or the acts of ‘free will’ prior to an outcome occurring. This further implies that causal determinism, like other forms of determinism can co-exist with freedom, where we are free to make our choices, sometimes knowing or not knowing what the outcome will be. The fact alone that the choice is present, definitively shows that free will is present. One who is a ‘hard determinist’ will refuse the possibility that free will may exist or be logically compatible with determinism. Some of the examples discussed can be considered as hard determinist approaches if we rule out this possibility. More importantly though, we should look at the position of a ‘soft determinist’, where free will can exist in a determinist environment, but where the concept of ‘free will’ is not what we think it may be. We as humans have individual experiences for each and every thing in our lives, including knowing the feeling of how to evaluate, deliberate, and make a decision. We are able to feel that this is our own choice, regardless of what context our personal character or ‘self’ we have constructed since birth, where we also have the ability to change our mind about our decisions. These are fundamental feelings possessed by all human beings regarding their own free will. What potentially causes a division is the different methods in which people portray this, for example- free will is incompatible with determinism, humans have free will; determinism is false (Libertarianism). Or perhaps a dualist approach where whatever in the human mind is exercising free will, may or may not change the course of the future. Furthermore, compatiblism (soft determinism) seems to provide the most realistic approach. This is on the premise where free will is not incompatible with determinism, therefore determinism is true, so is free will. This argument is on the grounds that the term ‘free will’ is coined in an ambiguous and poor manner. An example would be to consider an online game of ‘Connect 4’ with one human player and against a computer’s artificial intelligence (AI). When you make a move, you generally feel that you were able to freely choose that despite perhaps several other moves you may have made, but chose the one as the best clear move for strategic purposes. We now consider the AI, which has been programmed with algorithm to be deterministic and produce certain outcomes. Asides from the human turning the computer off or removing it’s RAM, the AI is in the same condition as the human, with the ability to make several strategic moves to it’s desire. Therefore, the AI is displaying human-like behaviour by displaying an act of free will even though it is a machine; somewhat like how humans over time have been educated and developed to make decisions. Notably, the possibility still exists for the human to strategically and freely choose their desired moves in order to win the game, despite the fact that the AI was programmed with knowledge to also deterministically win the game. As to whether a machine can actually behave like a human is a potentially debatable essay in its own, but the principle shows us that free will does co-exist with determinism, and that deterministic behaviour can alternate ‘free will’ and vice versa. Ultimately, when you make a choice, you bring your character, judgement, past experiences, memories, morals and desires, and can justify that it was a choice made from free will. This is also the essence of determinism, where an event has occurred from antecedent factors. Provided that this understanding is present, there is no real implication on ‘free will’ from determinism, asides from the views that take measures beyond accepting the existence of freedom. References Aristotle. , Ackrill, J. L. Aristotle. (1963). Categories, and De interpretatione. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Boethius. (524). The consolation of philosophy. Bohm, D. (1951). Quantum theory. New York: Prentice-Hall. Laplace, P. S. (1814). Essai philosophique sur les probabilites. Paris: Courcier. Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan. Taylor, R. (1963). Metaphysics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall.

Overpopulation in the 1900s :: essays research papers

Some people believe that immigration in the 1900’s was a good thing, however, they would be wrong. The United States government should have restricted the immigrants around that time. Some reasons are the population, the taking of new jobs and lowering wages, and diseases spreading quickly. These all factored importantly into why they should not have been allowed in. The population in the 1900’s was beginning to overflow. In 1875 the United States government had to put a immigration restriction so that no more immigrants could come into the United States. Which ended up leading into the depression. Then later in 1882 the United States government had to put a restriction on all Chinese immigrants because there were too many of them coming over. So as a result you can tell that too many immigrants were coming over into the United States. Another big factor in why the immigrants should have been restricted in the 1900’s is because they would take most of the needed jobs in all of the warehouses. The main reason that they would get all of the jobs in the warehouses is because they would come in large amounts and they were willing to work for very little pay. The places that they lived were usually shacks or a 2 or three room apartment so they wouldn’t have many costs to take care of. This also would lead allot of Americans getting angry because it would become harder and harder to find work. Due to the very poor living conditions that all of the immigrants would live in diseases would spread very quickly. Another reason that diseases would spread is because so many different people from different country’s would take very long journeys on a boat where it is tremendously overcrowded. Whenever immigrants would come over they would have to see a doctor.

Environmental Views of Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) Essays

Executive Summary The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a beautiful 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped oil preserves in the United States. There is an immense debate between the opposing environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife and the native populations are threatened by drilling for oil in ANWR, even though most of the natives are strongly in favor of drilling. ANWR could save the US from having to import $800 billion worth of foreign oil, creating hundreds to thousands of American jobs, and generate hundreds of billions in royalties and taxes (anwr.com). Three different environmental ethic views will be addressed, Utilitarian, Deontology, and Lockean. The Utilitarian argument is that the greatest function of ANWR will be reached through drilling. It implies that the intrinsic qualities of the land are of lesser value, and that ANWR serves the people better by being given over to the purpose of oil production. Deontology views ANWR rationally. The question is asked: what would a rational person do when developers propose to convert an unspoiled landscape to commercial use? In the Lockean view, man has a right to use property and the various resources of the earth as he wills, to support his life and values. The development of ANWR overshadows the minimal risk of environmentally disrupting the wildlife. The US economy and the citizens of Alaska would benefit from the development, not to mention the wildlife would be monitored and thus receive more attention. Introduction Alaska is surrounded by ocean and mountainous terrain and has one of the most beautiful landscapes in the United States. Alaska is home to the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve, in which hundreds of thousands of wildlife reside alongside with one of the largest oil preserves in the United States. Environmentalists are vexed about the possible disruption in the wildlife’s natural habitat and the effects it may have on the Alaskan Natives. Congress is being faced with the challenge of mergin... ...s.org/releases/pr2005/pr031105.html Rodger Schlickeisen. Fight to Protect the Arctic Refuge Reaches Critical Point Refuge Faces Most Dire Threat in Decades. Retrieved April 10, 2005 from http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/ardrill.html http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/news/arcticpoll.pdf Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741573203/1987_Alaska.html "Alaska," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2005 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/members/issue.tmpl?articleid=04210222393811 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defmore&q=define:Property+Rights N.A. Retrieved April 10, 2005 http://www.jdnews.com/SiteProcessor.cfm?Template=/GlobalTemplates/Details.cfm&St oryID=30570&Section=NIE http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4542853/ http://www.newsviews.info/environment05a.html http://www.savearcticrefuge.org/learnmore.html Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11332-2004Sep10.html Stephen Segaller. PBS: Extreme Oil (2004). Retrieved April 10, 2005

Mindless of Society Essay

One theme Ray Bradbury developed in the novel Fahrenheit 451 is â€Å"mindless of mass culture†. In the novel is a city where no emotion exists, and where the society is happy, but realizing that the society is actually miserable. People are antisocial and are mindless zombies. Individuals can just enter your house without telling any details on what there are doing. Ray Bradbury had shown the theme mindlessness of mass culture is using metaphors, similes, and foreshadowing. Ray Bradbury has created a character names Beatty, who is the chief of the fire department, states a metaphor of mindlessness of mass culture. Beatty tells Montag. â€Å"If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you don’t want a man happy politically, don’t give him two sides of a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. † This quote is saying to not give humans an answer to think of. If a person has the answer to a question, someone else could possibly argue with their opinion and cause a commotion. That is why in Fahrenheit 541, that society is a place not to think and react. Another way Ray Bradbury has shown the mindless mass culture is though the character Faber. Faber is an old man and a friend to Montag, He compares how book are almost the same as society. How books need quality, able to understand and those are something that you need to find in people. Faber tell Montag, â€Å"Number one: Books have to have to have quality. Number two: One needs leisure to digest it. Number three: One needs the right to carry out actions based on what they have learned from the first and second lesson. † Books are compared to how people are in the present and how books are not needed because the current technology which the society has will start replacing books. Eventually books will not be need is in life. Another way the mindless of mass culture is shown in Fahrenheit 451 is when Clarisse had died. Clarisse is a 17 year old girl, who is different from everyone in the society in Fahrenheit 451. She was a person who liked to question things in society or anything that goes around her. She was a very intelligent person, but a tragic event happened. She died and no one knows if she had committed suicide or if someone had killed her. Milderd the wife of Montag tells him, â€Å"Whole family moved out somewhere, but she gone for good, I think she is dead. No, the same girl, McClellan McClellan. Run over by a car. Four days ago. I’m not sure. But I think she dead. The family moved out anyways. I don’t know. But I think she’s dead. † How this relates to the mindless of mass culture sense nobody cares if something important had been taken away, such as loved for one. The society just forgets about everything they used to have. It shows how the society foreshadows everything that they do. The theme mindless of mass culture was expressed by characters in the book; the theme had a very big impact on everyone in the society. This theme has affected each one mind and making every person in society to be like a robot which no emotions at all.

A focus on one organ is made to discuss Essays

A focus on one organ is made to discuss Essays A focus on one organ is made to discuss Paper A focus on one organ is made to discuss Paper This paper discusses the digestive system, its general function in the body and how it interacts with the other body systems. Different organs belonging to this system and their main job in the digestive system will also be discussed. A focus on one organ is made to discuss its structure and inform you about a common ailment associated to this organ and how this disease generally affects the human body. Food is our body’s main source of energy. But have you ever thought how this food becomes energy available for our body? That is the main function of the digestive system. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down of food into smaller particles so that our body can absorb the nutrients and store energy available. The energy, nutrients and vitamins are then absorbed by the blood, part of the circulatory system, to deliver the energy and nutrients to the different parts of our body. The waste or particles that could not be absorbed by the body after the digestion of food is excreted by the excretory system. The operation of the digestive system is closely monitored by the nervous system, so if anything goes wrong or when you are feeling hungry, the digestive system reports this to the nervous system and gives you information that you have to do something about it. The digestive system therefore contributes to the physiological homeostasis of the body because without it, there would be no regular delivery of nutrients and energy needed by the other parts of the body to perform their bodily functions. Now let’s have a look at the different organs of the digestive system by following the journey of a food inside the digestive tract. First, the food enters our body thru the mouth. The mouth breaks down the food into smaller and softer crumbs so that it can easily pass down thru the digestive tract. Inside the mouth, we have the salivary glands that produce saliva which aids in the initial breaking down of food. The food is then swallowed and enters the esophagus that connects the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus produces a muscle movement known as peristalsis that pushes the food into the stomach. After traveling thru the esophagus, the swallowed food then lands on the stomach. The stomach is an organ where the food is broken down into liquid form. It also stores the food while it is being broken down for a matter of hours. Gastric enzymes are produced in the stomach that aid in the process of breaking down of food. After being stored for several hours, the liquidized food then enters the small intestine. Inside the small intestine, the final part breakdown of the food takes place. The pancreas produces pancreatic juices that aid the small intestine in final breaking down of food (mainly the fats and the proteins). The liver produces bile that aids in absorption of fats from the food that our body could utilize. The gallbladder stores the bile with the digested fats. As we can see, the small intestine is place where most of the important activities of the digestive system take place. It is also the place where the nutrients from the food are absorbed through the intestinal wall. After the journey inside the small intestine, the excess from the food that was not absorb by the body then travels thru the large intestine. The large intestine is the site where the food waste is produced. This is also the last place where our body could extract final nutrients available in the food, particularly the water content of the food. After absorbing the water content of the excess food, it becomes solid waste. The last part of the digestive tract is the rectum where the solid waste is stored until the body gets rid of the waste.